{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T09:05:39Z","timestamp":1766653539720},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]],"date-time":"2016-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476403200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-002"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lyellcollection.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The elastic modulus of organic matter can strongly influence the mechanical behaviour of source rocks. Although recent advances have shed crucial light on the mechanical properties of natural organic matter under ambient conditions, the elastic properties of kerogen and bitumen at reservoir temperatures remain poorly constrained. In this paper, we use a novel atomic force microscope technique to measure the changes to organic matter during the heating of an organic-rich shale. Our measurements show that bitumen becomes more compliant with heating and in an experiment during which the temperature was increased from 25 to 225\u00b0C, the reduced elastic modulus dropped from 6.3 to 0.8\u2005GPa. In contrast to bitumen, we were unable to discern any significant changes to the elastic modulus of kerogen with increasing temperature. Our results suggest that the temperature dependence of the elastic properties could be used as an additional method to differentiate between bitumen and kerogen in shales. Moreover, our analysis indicates that temperature should be taken into account when modelling the elastic properties of bitumen under reservoir conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/petgeo2016-035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,15]],"date-time":"2016-10-15T02:10:13Z","timestamp":1476497413000},"page":"262-269","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Softening of organic matter in shales at reservoir temperatures"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Emmanuel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904 Israel"}]},{"given":"Moshe","family":"Eliyahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904 Israel"}]},{"given":"Ruarri J.","family":"Day-Stirrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., Shell Technology Center Houston, 3333 Highway 6, South Houston, TX 77082, USA"}]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., Shell Technology Center Houston, 3333 Highway 6, South Houston, TX 77082, USA"}]},{"given":"Calum I.","family":"Macaulay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., Shell Technology Center Houston, 3333 Highway 6, South Houston, TX 77082, USA"}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3064141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Elasticity of minerals, glasses, and melts","author":"Bass J.D.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bass, J.D. 1995. Elasticity of minerals, glasses, and melts. In: Ahrens, T.J. (ed.) Mineral Physics & Crystallography: A Handbook of Physical Constants. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, USA, 45\u201363.","journal-title":"Mineral Physics & Crystallography: A Handbook of Physical Constants"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/je200355f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2007.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2014.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2015.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar V. Sondergeld C. & Rai C. 2012. Nano to macro mechanical characterization of shale. Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition 8\u201310 October 2012 San Antonio Texas USA.","DOI":"10.2118\/159804-MS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00269-012-0555-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Scanning-Electron-Microscope petrographic evidence for distinguishing organic matter pores associated with depositional orgaic matter versus igrated organic matter in mudrocks","volume":"3","author":"Loucks R.G.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Loucks, R.G. & Reed, R.M. 2014. Scanning-Electron-Microscope petrographic evidence for distinguishing organic matter pores associated with depositional orgaic matter versus igrated organic matter in mudrocks. GCAGS Journal, 3, 51\u201360.","journal-title":"GCAGS Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2000)126:1(58)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","series-title":"United States Geological Survey Bulletin","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Petroleum Systems of the United States","author":"Palacas J.G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Palacas, J.G. 1988. Characteristics of carbonate source rocks of petroleum. In: Magoon, L.B. (ed.) Petroleum Systems of the United States. United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 1870, 20\u201325."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00202303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2010.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-6-270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-006-0009-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2012.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-014-8682-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2015.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2012-0431.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2003.11.031"}],"container-title":["Petroleum Geoscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1144\/petgeo2016-035","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T10:13:18Z","timestamp":1721815998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/10.1144\/petgeo2016-035"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/geoscienceworld.org\/pg\/article-lookup?doi=10.1144\/petgeo2016-035","label":"geoscienceworld"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1144\/petgeo2016-035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/petgeo2016-035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1354-0793","2041-496X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1354-0793"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2041-496X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]]}}}