{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T01:30:30Z","timestamp":1776994230324,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539648000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-002"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/K027050\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/K027050\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.lyellcollection.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["QJEGH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    measurements of near-saturated hydraulic conductivity in fine-grained soils have been made at six exemplar UK transport earthwork sites: three embankment and three cutting slopes. This paper reports 143 individual measurements and considers the factors that influence the spatial and temporal variability obtained. The test methods employed produce near-saturated conditions and flow under constant head. Full saturation is probably not achieved owing to preferential and bypass flow occurring in these desiccated soils. For an embankment, hydraulic conductivity was found to vary by five orders of magnitude in the slope near-surface (0\u20130.3\u2005m depth), decreasing by four orders of magnitude between 0.3 and 1.2\u2005m depth. This extremely high variability is in part due to seasonal temporal changes controlled by soil moisture content, which can account for up to 1.5 orders of magnitude of this variability. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity at a cutting also indicated a four orders of magnitude range of hydraulic conductivity for the near-surface, with strong depth dependence of a two orders of magnitude decrease from 0.2 to 0.6\u2005m depth. The main factor controlling the large range is found to be spatial variability in the soil macrostructure generated by wetting\u2013drying cycle driven desiccation and roots. The measurements of hydraulic conductivity reported in this paper were undertaken to inform and provide a benchmark for the hydraulic parameters used in numerical models of groundwater flow. This is an influential parameter in simulations incorporating the combined weather\u2013vegetation\u2013infiltration\u2013soil interaction mechanisms that are required to assess the performance and deterioration of earthwork slopes in a changing climate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/qjegh2017-059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T08:15:13Z","timestamp":1535703313000},"page":"123-135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["<i>In situ<\/i>\n                    measurements of near-surface hydraulic conductivity in engineered clay slopes"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2995-0627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Dixon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Loughborough University, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. J.","family":"Crosby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Loughborough University, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0069-6621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Stirling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2103-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. 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