{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:34:19Z","timestamp":1747190059167,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575590400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-002"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.lyellcollection.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["QJEGH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most British railway embankments were constructed between 120 and 180\u2005years ago without the benefit of modern design and construction methods. This can result in undesirable load-deformation characteristics and consequent disruption to present-day railway operations, for which there is unprecedented demand. Annual rail passenger kilometres have approximately doubled in the last 20\u2005years and freight has increased by 60% over the same period. Whereas elements such as rails or bridges can be refurbished or replaced to meet increasing demand, the same is not usually feasible for embankments. Development of techniques to assess embankment performance risks posed by operational capacity enhancements is therefore of increasing significance to railway geotechnical asset management. The two case studies presented in this paper demonstrate how geospatial analysis and data management techniques may be applied to this challenge at both strategic (regional or national) and tactical (site-specific) scales for embankments incorporating plastic clay fill. The case studies also demonstrate, in a world of ever more abundant data, the growing need for engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers to augment their traditional knowledge with comprehensive data management and geospatial analysis skills, these being essential for modern infrastructure asset management.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p content-type=\"thematic-collection\">\n            <jats:bold>Thematic collection:<\/jats:bold>\n            This article is part of the \u2018Ground-related risk to transportation infrastructure\u2019 collection available at:\n            <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/cc\/Ground-related-risk-to-transportation-infrastructure\">https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/cc\/Ground-related-risk-to-transportation-infrastructure<\/jats:ext-link>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/qjegh2018-092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T19:35:17Z","timestamp":1571859317000},"page":"339-348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Geospatial assessment methods for geotechnical asset management of legacy railway embankments"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Adam J. P.","family":"Noakes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mott MacDonald, Mott MacDonald House, 8\u201310 Sydenham Road, Croydon CR0 2EE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7912-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura F.","family":"Mason-Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mott MacDonald, Mott MacDonald House, 8\u201310 Sydenham Road, Croydon CR0 2EE, UK"}]},{"given":"Graham R.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mott MacDonald, Mott MacDonald House, 8\u201310 Sydenham Road, Croydon CR0 2EE, UK"}]},{"given":"Eifion","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network Rail, The Quadrant:MK, Elder Gate, Milton Keynes MK9 1EN, UK"}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","unstructured":"BGS 2013. BGS Geology \u2013 DiGMapGB datasets. 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Network Rail Milton Keynes https:\/\/cdn.networkrail.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Earthworks-Technical-Strategy.pdf [last accessed 18 September 2018]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","volume-title":"Railway Earthworks Instability Diagnosis Using Track Geometry Measurement Data \u2013 CCQ and Top 35m","author":"Nogy L.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nogy, L. 2018. Railway Earthworks Instability Diagnosis Using Track Geometry Measurement Data \u2013 CCQ and Top 35\u2005m. Permanent Way Institution, Milton Keynes, https:\/\/www.thepwi.org\/technical_hub\/technical_hub_files\/earthworks_instability_prediction_paper_2 [last accessed 11 February 2018]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","volume-title":"Earthworks: a Guide","author":"Nowak P.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nowak, P. & Gilbert, P. 2015. Earthworks: a Guide. ICE Publishing, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","unstructured":"Office of Rail and Road 2017. Rail usage infrastructure and performance Table RAI0101: Length of national railway route at year end and passenger travel by national railway and London Underground from 1900 London https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistical-data-sets\/rai01-length-of-route-distance-travelled-age-of-stock [last accessed 11 February 2018]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","unstructured":"Orr T. 2012. Codes and standards and their relevance. In : Burland J. Chapman T. Skinner H. & Brown M. (eds) ICE Manual of Geotechnical Engineering: Volume I. ICE Publishing London 105\u2013124."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","unstructured":"RSSB 2011. RSSB 1386 (Revised) The effects of railway traffic on embankment stability \u2013 Final Report. 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