{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:25:10Z","timestamp":1753885510454,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-002"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.lyellcollection.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["QJEGH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared to most other countries in south and SE Asia, Laos has a low road network density and low traffic volumes. Much of the road network is located in mountainous terrain where landslides cause regular engineering damage and blockage to traffic. The wet season of 2018 was particularly severe and triggered many landslides that blocked roads for hours, and days in some cases. The cost of clearing these landslides amounted to an average of almost US$5000 per km. Because of the relatively low traffic volumes that use the mountain road network, traffic costs due to road blockage delays are generally significantly lower per kilometre than engineering costs. Nevertheless, economic analysis demonstrates that investments in landslide stabilization measures amounting to an average of US$50\u2005000 for landslides above the road and US$120\u2005000 for those below the road can be economically justified if, without these measures, long and frequent delays would ensue. In certain cases, investments much higher than these can be justified. A priority list for landslide stabilization is developed and outline cost estimates are prepared. Recommendations are made for enhanced landslide management and roadside slope improvement, and a comparison is made between the situation in Laos with that in Vietnam, Bhutan, Nepal and the Philippines. It is concluded that the imperative for investment will be even greater in these countries, and especially in Nepal and the Philippines, on account of the higher incidence of landslide hazards and greater volumes of road traffic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/qjegh2021-023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T11:45:10Z","timestamp":1621338310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Landslide costs on the national road network of Laos, with some regional implications"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9503-8049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gareth James","family":"Hearn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearn Geoserve Ltd, Worthing, West Sussex, UK"}]},{"given":"Martin S. P.","family":"Kerridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LanXang International Ltd, Brighton and Hove, UK"}]},{"given":"Phanthoudeth","family":"Pongpanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Geology, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic"}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Geometric Design of Low-Volume Roads","author":"AASHTO","year":"2019","unstructured":"AASHTO 2019. Guidelines for Geometric Design of Low-Volume Roads. 2nd edn. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official, Washington, D.C.","edition":"2"},{"unstructured":"ADB 2018. Philippines: Road Improvement and Institutional Development Project. Asian Development Bank Project 41076-044. Manila Philippines.","key":"e_1_3_5_3_1"},{"unstructured":"Ardizzone F. Fiorucci F. et al. 2015. Report on methods for different sized events and different type road networks and built-up areas. D6.4. Landslide Modelling and Tools for Vulnerability Assessment\/Preparedness and Recovery\/Management LAMPRE. FP7-Space 2011 European Commission Brussels http:\/\/www.lampre-project.eu\/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=38:d6-4-report-on-methods-for-different-sized-events-and-different-type-road-networks&id=7:wp6-preparedeness-prevention-recovery-reconstruction","key":"e_1_3_5_4_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-12-1295-2012"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-53483-1_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Investigating the influence of segmentation in estimating safety performance functions for roadway sections","volume":"5","author":"Cafiso S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cafiso, S., D'Agostino, C. and Persaud, B. 2018. Investigating the influence of segmentation in estimating safety performance functions for roadway sections. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 5, 129\u2013136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtte.2017.10.001","journal-title":"Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Method for landslide risk evaluation and road operation management: a case study of Bhutan","volume":"15","author":"Cheki D.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cheki, D. and Shibayama, T. 2008. Method for landslide risk evaluation and road operation management: a case study of Bhutan. Construction Management Research Review Collection, 15, 23\u201331, https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/procm1993\/15\/0\/15_0_23\/_article\/-char\/en","journal-title":"Construction Management Research Review Collection"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-018-1273-y"},{"unstructured":"DoR 2017. Report on identification of potential slope failure area and their remedial measures. Improvement of the Narayanghat\u2013Mugling Road Nepal India Regional Trade and Transport Project Department of Roads Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport Government of Nepal Kathmandu. Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats New Delhi India.","key":"e_1_3_5_10_1"},{"unstructured":"DoR 2021. Traffic count and vehicle classification. Department of Roads Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport Kathmandu Nepal http:\/\/ssrn.aviyaan.com\/traffic_controller\/get_summary","key":"e_1_3_5_11_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0829-4"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.09.854"},{"unstructured":"FAO 2014. Average precipitation in depth (mm per year) \u2013 Country Ranking. Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations Rome. Reproduced by Index Mundi https:\/\/www.indexmundi.com\/facts\/indicators\/AG.LND.PRCP.MM\/rankings","key":"e_1_3_5_14_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Cross-border Transport Facilitation in Inland ASEAN and the ASEAN Economic Community","author":"Giang N.B.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Giang, N.B. 2019. Improvements and challenges associated with the facilitation of road transport in Viet Nam. In: Ishada, M. (ed.) Cross-border Transport Facilitation in Inland ASEAN and the ASEAN Economic Community. Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia and the Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO), Chiba, Japan, 165\u2013191, https:\/\/www.ide.go.jp\/library\/English\/Publish\/Download\/Ec\/pdf\/201902_01_ch06.pdf"},{"unstructured":"Global Finance 2020. Countries with highest GDP growth 2020. 5 December 2020 https:\/\/www.gfmag.com\/global-data\/economic-data\/countries-highest-gdp-growth","key":"e_1_3_5_16_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","DOI":"10.1144\/1470-9236\/2000-57"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","DOI":"10.1144\/1470-9236\/2000-56"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","series-title":"Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special PublicationsGeological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications","volume-title":"Slope Engineering for Mountain Roads","author":"Hearn G.J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hearn, G.J. (ed.) 2011a. Slope Engineering for Mountain Roads. Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications, 24, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/EGSP24 Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hearn G.J. 2011 b . Field mapping. Chapter B3. Geological Society London Engineering Geology Special Publications 24 103\u2013116 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/EGSP24.7","key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","DOI":"10.1144\/EGSP24.7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","DOI":"10.1680\/h5e.59931.021"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","DOI":"10.1144\/qjegh2019-152"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hearn G.J. and Hunt T. 2011. Slope management. Chapter D1. Geological Society London Engineering Geology Special Publications 24 269\u2013284 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/EGSP24.17","key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","DOI":"10.1144\/EGSP24.17"},{"unstructured":"Hearn G.J. and Lawrance C.J. 1997. Principles of Low-cost Road Engineering in Mountainous Regions. Overseas Road Note 16. Transport Research Laboratory Crowthorne https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/research-for-development-outputs\/principles-of-low-cost-road-engineering-in-mountainous-regions-with-special-reference-to-the-nepal-himalaya-overseas-road-note-16","key":"e_1_3_5_24_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","DOI":"10.1144\/1470-9236\/08-004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","article-title":"Developing a landslide vulnerability assessment for the national road network in Laos","author":"Hearn G.J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hearn, G.J. and Pongpanya, P. 2020a. Developing a landslide vulnerability assessment for the national road network in Laos. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 54, qjegh2020-110, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/qjegh2020-110","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology"},{"unstructured":"Hearn G.J. and Pongpanya P. 2020 b . Landslide Vulnerability Assessment of Lao PDR National Roads. Final Report April 2020. Climate Resilient Road Planning Asset Management Support and Capacity Building (CRRPAM) Contract No. C2-01. Lao Road Sector Project 2 (LRSP2) NDF Grant No. C92\/93. SWEKO in association with LTEC (Lao Transport Engineering Consultant) and LCG (Lao Consulting Group) on behalf of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) Vientiane Lao PDR.","key":"e_1_3_5_27_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","DOI":"10.1144\/qjegh2016-109"},{"unstructured":"Hearn G. Hunt T. Aubert J. and Howell J. 2008. Landslide impacts on the road network of Lao PDR and the feasibility of implementing a slope management programme. International Conference on Management of Landslide Hazard in the Asia-Pacific Region Sendai Japan https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/57a08b5ced915d622c000c47\/DF85-salter-paper.pdf","key":"e_1_3_5_29_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","article-title":"Performance of slope stabilization trials on the road network of Laos","author":"Hearn G.J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hearn, G.J., Howell, J. and Hunt, T. 2020. Performance of slope stabilization trials on the road network of Laos. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 54, qjegh2020-064, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/qjegh2020-064","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology"},{"unstructured":"Hine J. Sasidharan M. Eskandari Torbaghan M. Burrow M.P.N. and Usman K. 2019. Evidence of the impact of rural road investment on poverty reduction and economic development. Knowledge Evidence and Learning for Development Department for International Development OK. Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/research-for-development-outputs\/evidence-of-the-impact-of-rural-road-investment-on-poverty-reduction-and-economic-development","key":"e_1_3_5_31_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","volume-title":"Roadside Bioengineering Reference Manual","author":"Howell J.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Howell, J. 1999. Roadside Bioengineering Reference Manual. Department of Roads, His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, https:\/\/roadsforwater.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Road-side-Bio-Engineering-Reference-Manual-2076-01-12.pdf"},{"unstructured":"Hunt T. Hearn G. Chonephetsarath X. and Howell J. 2008. Slope Maintenance Manual. Ministry of Public Works and Transport Lao PDR \u2013ScottWilson Ltd in association with Lao Consulting Group Vientiane www.gov.uk\/dfid-research-outputs\/seacap-21-slope-maintenance-manual","key":"e_1_3_5_33_1"},{"unstructured":"ISDR 2008. Asia Pacific Earthquake Intensity Risk Zones. United Nations\/International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. Preventionweb https:\/\/www.preventionweb.net\/files\/3285_UNISDRAsiaPacificRegional2.pdf","key":"e_1_3_5_34_1"},{"unstructured":"JICA 2014. Data collection survey on road connectivity in the Kingdom of Bhutan. Final Report. Japan International Cooperation Agency. Department of Roads Ministry of Works and Human Settlement Thimphu Kingdom of Bhutan https:\/\/openjicareport.jica.go.jp\/pdf\/12183323_01.pdf","key":"e_1_3_5_35_1"},{"unstructured":"Kempe N. 2020. Landslides climate change environmental degradation and the A83. Parkswatchscotland http:\/\/parkswatchscotland.co.uk\/2020\/08\/10\/landslides-climate-change-environmental-degradation-and-the-a83\/","key":"e_1_3_5_36_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","author":"Kerridge M.S.P.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kerridge, M.S.P. 2021. Working paper on road maintenance funding. Lao Road Sector Project 2 (LRSP 2), Climate Resilient Road Planning, Asset Management Support and Capacity Building (CRRPAM), Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Vientiane, Laos, Version 2. Sweco in association with LTEC and LCG.","journal-title":"Working paper on road maintenance funding"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","DOI":"10.1086\/598765"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-014-0481-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Flood disaster rehabilitation, Charnawati, Nepal: a case study","volume":"1291","author":"Kraehenbuehl J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kraehenbuehl, J., Osterwalder, W. and Wagner, A. 1991. Flood disaster rehabilitation, Charnawati, Nepal: a case study. Transportation Research Record, 1291, 31\u201338. http:\/\/onlinepubs.trb.org\/Onlinepubs\/trr\/1991\/1291vol1\/1291-043.pdf","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"unstructured":"Kuensel 2020. The cost of keeping the Gelephu\u2013Trongsa highway open https:\/\/kuenselonline.com\/the-cost-of-keeping-the-gelephu-trongsa-highway-open\/","key":"e_1_3_5_41_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","volume-title":"Landslide Risk Assessment Technology","author":"Luong L.H.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luong, L.H., Miyagi, T., Abe, S., Hamasaki, E. and Tien, D.V. 2014. Landslide mapping and detection of active landslide area from aerial photograph interpretation and field survey in central provinces of Vietnam. In: Sassa, S. and Dang, K. (eds) Landslide Risk Assessment Technology, Proceedings of the SATREPS Workshop on Landslides in Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam, 29\u201330 July 2014. International Consortium on Landslides, Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development, Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Road Design Manual","author":"MPWT","year":"2018","unstructured":"MPWT 2018. Road Design Manual. Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Lao PDR, Vientiane , 42\u201349."},{"unstructured":"NCE 2021. Preserve and protect. New Civil Engineer April 2021 24\u201326.","key":"e_1_3_5_44_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-013-0663-5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40677-018-0104-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Landslide Risk Assessment Technology","author":"Pham T.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pham, T., Doan, T. and Le, L. 2014. Overview of landslide phenomena along arterial transport systems in Vietnam. In: Sassa, S. and Dang, K. (eds) Landslide Risk Assessment Technology, Proceedings of the SATREPS Workshop on Landslides in Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam, 29\u201330 July 2014. International Consortium on Landslides, Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development, Kyoto, Japan, 57\u201366."},{"unstructured":"Reid J.M. and Clark G.T. 2000. A whole life cost model for earthworks slopes. TRL Report 430. Transport Research Laboratory Crowthorne UK https:\/\/trid.trb.org\/view\/638134","key":"e_1_3_5_48_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","volume-title":"Road Classification and Network","author":"RGoB","year":"2020","unstructured":"RGoB 2020. Road Classification and Network. Information of Bhutan. Ministry of Works and Human Settlement, Department of Roads, Thimphu, https:\/\/www.mowhs.gov.bt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Road%20Classification%20and%20Network%20Information%20of%20Bhutan.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","article-title":"Detailed and large-scale cost\/benefit analyses of landslide prevention vs. post-event actions","volume":"15","author":"Salbego G.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salbego, G., Floris, M., Busnardo, E., Toaldo, M. and Genevois, R. 2015. Detailed and large-scale cost\/benefit analyses of landslide prevention vs. post-event actions. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 15, 2461\u20132472, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhess-15-2461-2015","journal-title":"Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","DOI":"10.18533\/rss.v1i8.40"},{"unstructured":"Shakya N.M. and Niraula D.R. 2008. Integration of bio-engineering techniques in slope stabilisation works: a cost effective approach for developing countries. Proceedings of the First World Landslide Forum 18-21 November 2008 United Nations University Tokyo Japan Global Promotion Committee of the International Programme on Landslides Parallel Session Volume 529\u2013532. http:\/\/www.iclhq.org\/WLFweb\/parallel_sessions.pdf","key":"e_1_3_5_52_1"},{"unstructured":"Starkey P. Tumbahangfe A. and Sharma S. 2013. External review of the District Roads Support Programme (DSRP) Final Report Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) Kathmandu Nepal.","key":"e_1_3_5_53_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31337-0_22"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-010-0729-6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_56_1","DOI":"10.1080\/0972639X.2014.11886701"},{"unstructured":"Tomita M. 2013. Ex-post evaluation of Japanese ODA Loan Project. Second Magsaysay Bridge and Butuan City Bypass Road Construction Project Republic of the Philippines. Japan International Cooperation Agency Tokyo Japan https:\/\/www2.jica.go.jp\/en\/evaluation\/pdf\/2012_PH-P216_4_f.pdf","key":"e_1_3_5_57_1"},{"unstructured":"Transport Scotland 2020. A83 Rest and be Thankful. Stakeholder update https:\/\/www.transport.gov.scot\/media\/48677\/a83-rest-and-be-thankful-presentation-to-stakeholders-18-11-2020-final.pdf","key":"e_1_3_5_58_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Upreti B.N. and Dhital M.R. 1996. Landslide Studies and Management in Nepal . International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu. https:\/\/lib.icimod.org\/record\/7539","key":"e_1_3_5_59_1","DOI":"10.53055\/ICIMOD.240"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_60_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-018-0178-5"},{"unstructured":"VNE 2019. Vietnam adds 800 kilometers of highways to national plan. VNExpress International 14 December 2019 https:\/\/e.vnexpress.net\/news\/business\/economy\/vietnam-adds-800-kilometers-of-highways-to-national-plan-4026949.html","key":"e_1_3_5_61_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_62_1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0106.2009.00494.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_63_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.06.168"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_5_64_1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40677-017-0078-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_1","volume-title":"Landslide Hazard in A Changing Environment","author":"Zumpano V.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zumpano, V., Pisano, L. et al. 2019. Economic losses for rural land value due to landslides. In: Tiranti, D. and Cremonini, R. (eds) Landslide Hazard in A Changing Environment. Frontiers in Earth Science, Frontiers Media S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland."}],"container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1144\/qjegh2021-023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T14:40:07Z","timestamp":1732027207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/10.1144\/qjegh2021-023"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/geoscienceworld.org\/qjegh\/article-lookup?doi=10.1144\/qjegh2021-023","label":"geoscienceworld"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1144\/qjegh2021-023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/qjegh2021-023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-9236","2041-4803"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1470-9236"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2041-4803"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-19","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"qjegh2021-023"}}