{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T19:51:22Z","timestamp":1726516282270},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520294400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-002"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.lyellcollection.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Trench warfare became associated with the First World War from late 1914. Where possible, British and German trenches were laid out by military engineers in line with the most recent military manuals. The effectiveness of individual trenches was to a large extent controlled by the nature of the ground conditions. Engineering geology had a major part to play in slope stability (because the ideal for trenches was to maintain slopes in an over-steepened condition relative to normal angle of repose) and drainage (because excess surface and ground waters not only weakened trench slopes, but also created untenable conditions for the troops occupying their positions). Recent archaeological investigations in Belgium and northern France provided opportunities to examine slope engineering and drainage solutions for trenches in Paleogene clay\u2013silt sediments and Cretaceous chalk. In Flanders, the failure of slope engineering early in the war led to the creation of A-frames to support slopes at the required batter, with the provision of drainage channels beneath duckboard walkways. In northern France, where frost-shattered chalk was close to the surface, drainage and slope support was less of a problem, although trenches cut through thick Quaternary deposits similarly required imaginative solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/sp473.6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T01:10:29Z","timestamp":1520385029000},"page":"109-130","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trench construction and engineering geology on the Western Front, 1914\u201318"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"473","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Doyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Geologie im Kriege","volume":"6","author":"Anon","year":"1915","unstructured":"Anon 1915. Geologie im Kriege. Geologische Rundschau, 6, 94\u201395.","journal-title":"Geologische Rundschau"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20341\/gb.2014.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","volume-title":"Beneath Flanders Fields. The Underground War 1914\u201318","author":"Barton P.","year":"2004","unstructured":"BartonP., DoyleP. & VanderwalleJ. 2004. Beneath Flanders Fields. The Underground War 1914\u201318. Spellmount, Staplehurst."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","volume-title":"Kaartblad (27-28-36), Proven\u2013Ieper\u2013Ploegsteert, 1:50 000","author":"Belgian Geological Survey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Belgian Geological Survey 1999. Kaartblad (27-28-36), Proven\u2013Ieper\u2013Ploegsteert, 1:50 000. GSB, Brussels."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","series-title":"US Geological Survey Professional Papers","first-page":"85","volume-title":"The Use of Geology on the Western Front","author":"Brooks A.H.","year":"1920","unstructured":"BrooksA.H. 1920. The Use of Geology on the Western Front. US Geological Survey Professional Papers, 128-D, 85\u2013124."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","volume-title":"Digging up Plugstreet","author":"Brown M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"BrownM. & OsgoodR. 2009. Digging up Plugstreet. Haynes, Yeovil."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","unstructured":"BuckinghamW.E. 1917. Manuscript Diary. The National Archives London File TNA WO158\/140."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","volume-title":"Carte G\u00e9ologique de la France a 1\/50,000, Albert XXIV-8","author":"Bureau de Recherches G\u00e9ologiques et Mini\u00e8res","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bureau de Recherches G\u00e9ologiques et Mini\u00e8res 1982. Carte G\u00e9ologique de la France a 1\/50,000, Albert XXIV-8. BRGM, Paris."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Disused Paleogene regional stages from Belgium: Montian, Heersian, Landenian, Paniselian, Bruxellian, Laekenian, Ledian, Wemmelian and Tongrian","volume":"9","author":"De Geyter G.","year":"2006","unstructured":"De GeyterG., De ManE., HermanJ., MoorkensT., SteurbautE. & VandenbergheN. 2006. Disused Paleogene regional stages from Belgium: Montian, Heersian, Landenian, Paniselian, Bruxellian, Laekenian, Ledian, Wemmelian and Tongrian. Geologica Belgica, 9, 203\u2013213.","journal-title":"Geologica Belgica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","first-page":"359","volume-title":"Fields of Conflict","author":"De Meyer M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"De MeyerM. & PypeP. 2007. Scars of the Great War (Western Flanders, Belgium). In: ScottD., BabitsL.E. & HaeckerC. (eds) Fields of Conflict. Praeger, Westport, 2, 359\u2013382."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"D\u00e9pots quaternaires et g\u00e9omorphologie dans le nord-Ouest de la Flandre","volume":"87","author":"De Moor G.","year":"1978","unstructured":"De MoorG. & HeyseI. 1978. D\u00e9pots quaternaires et g\u00e9omorphologie dans le nord-Ouest de la Flandre. Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de G\u00e9ologie, 87, 37\u201347.","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de G\u00e9ologie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","volume-title":"R\u00e9gion du Nord, Flandre, Artois, Boulonnais, Picardie","author":"Delattre C.","year":"1973","unstructured":"DelattreC., MeriauxE. & WaterlotM. 1973. R\u00e9gion du Nord, Flandre, Artois, Boulonnais, Picardie. Guides G\u00e9ologiques R\u00e9gionaux. Masson, Paris."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Contested Objects. Material Memories of the Great War","author":"Dewilde M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"DewildeM. & SaundersN.J. 2009. Archaeology of the Great War. The Flemish experience. In: SaundersN.J. & CornishP. (eds) Contested Objects. Material Memories of the Great War. Routledge, London, 251\u2013265."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","volume-title":"The Weary Road. The Recollections of a Subaltern of Infantry","author":"Douie C.","year":"1929","unstructured":"DouieC. 1929. The Weary Road. The Recollections of a Subaltern of Infantry. John Murray, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","series-title":"Geologists\u2019 Association Guide","volume-title":"Geology of the Western Front, 1914\u201318","author":"Doyle P.","year":"1998","unstructured":"DoyleP. 1998. Geology of the Western Front, 1914\u201318. Geologists\u2019 Association Guide, 61. Geologists\u2019 Association, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","series-title":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Military Aspects of Hydrogeology","author":"Doyle P.","year":"2012","unstructured":"DoyleP. 2012. Examples of the influence of groundwater on British military mining in Flanders, 1914\u201317. In: RoseE.P.F. & MatherJ.D. (eds) Military Aspects of Hydrogeology. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 362, 73\u201383, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/SP362.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Milit\u00e4rhistorisch-kriegsgeologischer Reisef\u00fcrher zum Wytschaete-Bogen (Messines Ridge) bei Ypern (Belgien). Geoinformationsdiesnt der Bundeswehr, Schriftenreihe","author":"Doyle P.","year":"2015","unstructured":"DoyleP. 2015. Examples of the geo-archaeology of trench warfare in Flanders. In: WilligD., RoseE.P.F., HeyseI., AllersmeierC. & DoyleP. (eds) Milit\u00e4rhistorisch-kriegsgeologischer Reisef\u00fcrher zum Wytschaete-Bogen (Messines Ridge) bei Ypern (Belgien). Geoinformationsdiesnt der Bundeswehr, Schriftenreihe, 4, 193\u2013202."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","volume-title":"Disputed Earth: Military Geology and the Western Front, 1914\u201318","author":"Doyle P.","year":"2017","unstructured":"DoyleP. 2017. Disputed Earth: Military Geology and the Western Front, 1914\u201318. Uniform Press, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3059682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Geology and Warfare: Examples of the Influence of Terrain and Geologists on Military Operations","author":"Doyle P.","year":"2000","unstructured":"DoyleP., BennettM.R. & CocksF.M. 2000. Geology and warfare on the British sector of the Western Front, 1914\u201318. In: RoseE.P.F. & NathanailC.P. (eds) Geology and Warfare: Examples of the Influence of Terrain and Geologists on Military Operations. Geological Society, London, 179\u2013235."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7878(01)80006-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-002-0642-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Past Tense: Studies in the Archaeology of Conflict","author":"Doyle P.","year":"2006","unstructured":"DoyleP., BartonP. & VandewalleJ. 2006. Archaeology of a Great War dugout: Beecham Farm, Passchendaele, Belgium. In: PollardT. & BanksI. (eds) Past Tense: Studies in the Archaeology of Conflict. Brill, Leiden, 45\u201366."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","volume-title":"1914","author":"French J.","year":"1919","unstructured":"FrenchJ. 1919. 1914. Constable & Co, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","volume-title":"Military Engineering (Part 1) Field Defences","author":"General Staff, War Office","year":"1908","unstructured":"General Staff, War Office 1908. Military Engineering (Part 1) Field Defences. HMSO, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","volume-title":"Infantry Training","author":"General Staff, War Office","year":"1914","unstructured":"General Staff, War Office 1914. Infantry Training. HMSO, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","volume-title":"Notes for Infantry Officers on Trench Warfare","author":"General Staff, War Office","year":"1916","unstructured":"General Staff, War Office 1916. Notes for Infantry Officers on Trench Warfare. HMSO, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","volume-title":"Notes for Infantry Officers on Trench Warfare","author":"General Staff, War Office","year":"1917","unstructured":"General Staff, War Office 1917a. Notes for Infantry Officers on Trench Warfare. Revised Diagrams, December 1916. HMSO, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","volume-title":"Summary of Recent Information Regarding the German Army and its Methods","author":"General Staff, War Office","year":"1917","unstructured":"General Staff, War Office 1917b. Summary of Recent Information Regarding the German Army and its Methods. HMSO, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The Construction of Field Positions (Stellungsbau)","author":"General Staff, War Office","year":"1917","unstructured":"General Staff, War Office 1917c. The Construction of Field Positions (Stellungsbau) [translated from German by the General Staff, May 1917]. HMSO, London, 3\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","volume-title":"1:10,000 Map, Geological, Ploegsteert 28W4","author":"Geographical Section, General Staff","year":"1918","unstructured":"Geographical Section, General Staff 1918. 1:10,000 Map, Geological, Ploegsteert 28W4. Geographical Section, General Staff, London. The National Archives file TNA WO297\/2475."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Die \u00d6sterreichische und Deutsche Kriegsgeologie 1914\u201318","volume":"75","author":"H\u00e4usler H.","year":"2000","unstructured":"H\u00e4uslerH. 2000. Die \u00d6sterreichische und Deutsche Kriegsgeologie 1914\u201318. Informationen des Milit\u00e4rischen Geo-Dienstes, 75, 1\u2013161.","journal-title":"Informationen des Milit\u00e4rischen Geo-Dienstes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dr. Walter Kranz (1873\u201353): Der erste Milit\u00e4rgeologe des 20. Jahrhunderts","volume":"12","author":"H\u00e4usler H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"H\u00e4uslerH. 2003. Dr. Walter Kranz (1873\u201353): Der erste Milit\u00e4rgeologe des 20. Jahrhunderts. MILGEO: Organ des Milit\u00e4rischen Geowesens des \u00d6sterreichischen Bundesheeres, 12, 1\u201380.","journal-title":"MILGEO: Organ des Milit\u00e4rischen Geowesens des \u00d6sterreichischen Bundesheeres"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Milit\u00e4rhistorisch-kriegsgeologischer Reisef\u00fchrer zum Wytschaete-Bogen (Messines Ridge) bei Ypern (Belgien). Geoinformationsdienst der Bundeswehr, Schriftenreihe","author":"Heyse I.","year":"2015","unstructured":"HeyseI. 2015. Geomorphology and geology of \u2018Flanders Fields\u2019 (the Ypres to Coastal Plain Region of West Flanders, Belgium) and their impact on military tunnelling and defensive flooding in the 1914\u201318 world war. In: WilligD., RoseE.P.F., HeyseI., AllersmeierC. & DoyleP. (eds) Milit\u00e4rhistorisch-kriegsgeologischer Reisef\u00fchrer zum Wytschaete-Bogen (Messines Ridge) bei Ypern (Belgien). Geoinformationsdienst der Bundeswehr, Schriftenreihe, 4, 51\u201370."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","volume-title":"\u2018Stand To\u2019 A Diary of the Trenches 1915\u201318","author":"Hitchcock F.C.","year":"1937","unstructured":"HitchcockF.C. 1937. \u2018Stand To\u2019 A Diary of the Trenches 1915\u201318. Hurst & Blackett, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","volume-title":"The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914\u201319: Geological Work on the Western Front","author":"Institution of Royal Engineers","year":"1922","unstructured":"Institution of Royal Engineers 1922. The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914\u201319: Geological Work on the Western Front. Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","volume-title":"Topography and Strategy in the War","author":"Johnson D.W.","year":"1918","unstructured":"JohnsonD.W. 1918. Topography and Strategy in the War. Constable, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","series-title":"American Geographical Research Series","volume-title":"Battlefields of the World War: Western and Southern Fronts","author":"Johnson D.W.","year":"1921","unstructured":"JohnsonD.W. 1921. Battlefields of the World War: Western and Southern Fronts. American Geographical Research Series, 3. Oxford University Press, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","volume-title":"The Royal Engineers Field Service Pocket-Book","author":"Johnston W.J.","year":"1916","unstructured":"JohnstonW.J. (ed.) 1916. The Royal Engineers Field Service Pocket-Book. Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","first-page":"349","article-title":"Stratigraphy of the Ieper Formation and Argile de Flandres (Early Eocene) in western Belgium and northern France","volume":"97","author":"King C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"KingC. 1990. Stratigraphy of the Ieper Formation and Argile de Flandres (Early Eocene) in western Belgium and northern France. Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Belge de G\u00e9ologie, 97, 349\u2013372.","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Belge de G\u00e9ologie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1779938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","first-page":"464","article-title":"Milit\u00e4rgeologie","volume":"16","author":"Kranz W.","year":"1913","unstructured":"KranzW. 1913. Milit\u00e4rgeologie. Kriegstechnische Zeitschrift, 16, 464\u2013471.","journal-title":"Kriegstechnische Zeitschrift"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","volume-title":"Knowledge for War. Every Officer's Handbook for the Front","author":"Lake B.C.","year":"1916","unstructured":"LakeB.C. 1916. Knowledge for War. Every Officer's Handbook for the Front. Harrison, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20341\/gb.2014.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","volume-title":"Boesinghe","author":"MacGreal S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"MacGrealS. 2011. Boesinghe. Pen & Sword, Barnsley."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Stratigraphie de l\u2019\u00e9oc\u00e8ne en Flandre occidentale et dans les regions limitrophes","volume":"27","author":"Nolf D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"NolfD. & SteurbautE. 1990. Stratigraphie de l\u2019\u00e9oc\u00e8ne en Flandre occidentale et dans les regions limitrophes. Bulletin d'Information des G\u00e9ologiques du Bassin de Paris, 27, 9\u201336.","journal-title":"Bulletin d'Information des G\u00e9ologiques du Bassin de Paris"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Notes on trench war","volume":"29","author":"Pressey H.A.S.","year":"1919","unstructured":"PresseyH.A.S. 1919. Notes on trench war. Royal Engineers Journal, 29, 297\u2013315.","journal-title":"Royal Engineers Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/2014.4122(03)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7878(08)80153-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/1470-9236\/08-111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","first-page":"108","volume-title":"Geology and Warfare: Examples of the Influence of Terrain and Geologists on Military Operations","author":"Rose E.P.F.","year":"2000","unstructured":"RoseE.P.F., H\u00e4uslerH. & WilligD. 2000. Comparison of British and German applications of geology in world war. In: RoseE.P.F. & NathanailC.P. (eds) Geology and Warfare: Examples of the Influence of Terrain and Geologists on Military Operations. Geological Society, London, 108\u2013140."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","volume-title":"Kriegs-Geologie","author":"Salomon W.","year":"1915","unstructured":"SalomonW. 1915. Kriegs-Geologie. Carl Winters Universit\u00e4tbuchhandlung, Heidelberg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","volume-title":"Trench Warfare 1850\u20131950","author":"Saunders A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"SaundersA. 2010. Trench Warfare 1850\u20131950. Pen & Sword, Barnsley."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","volume-title":"Killing Time. Archaeology and the First World War","author":"Saunders N.J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"SaundersN.J. 2011. Killing Time. Archaeology and the First World War. The History Press, Stroud."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","first-page":"339","article-title":"The Ypresian in the Belgian Basin","volume":"96","author":"Steurbaut E.","year":"1987","unstructured":"SteurbautE. 1987. The Ypresian in the Belgian Basin. Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Belge de G\u00e9ologie, 96, 339\u2013351.","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Belge de G\u00e9ologie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Revision of the Ypresian stratigraphy of Belgium and northwestern France","volume":"23","author":"Steurbaut E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"SteurbautE. & NolfD. 1986. Revision of the Ypresian stratigraphy of Belgium and northwestern France. Mededelingenvan de Werkgroep voor Tertiarie en Kwartaire Geologie, 23, 115\u2013172.","journal-title":"Mededelingenvan de Werkgroep voor Tertiarie en Kwartaire Geologie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016756800135976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","volume-title":"History of the Sixth Battalion West Yorkshire Regiment. Vol. 1, 1\/6th Battalion","author":"Tempest E.V.","year":"1921","unstructured":"TempestE.V. 1921. History of the Sixth Battalion West Yorkshire Regiment. Vol. 1, 1\/6th Battalion. Percy Lund, Humphries, Bradford."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","volume-title":"Acheo Rapport 28. Mesen \u2013 Collector Aquafin","author":"Verdegem S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"VerdegemS., BillemontJ. & GenbruggeS. 2013. Acheo Rapport 28. Mesen \u2013 Collector Aquafin. AEDE, Ghent."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","first-page":"253","article-title":"Etude statistique des r\u00e9sultats d'essais g\u00e9otechniques r\u00e9alises en laboratoire sur l'Argile des Flandres (nord de la France)","volume":"22","author":"Verrett D.D.","year":"1980","unstructured":"VerrettD.D. 1980. Etude statistique des r\u00e9sultats d'essais g\u00e9otechniques r\u00e9alises en laboratoire sur l'Argile des Flandres (nord de la France). Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 22, 253\u2013255.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","unstructured":"War Diary 53rd Infantry Brigade 1916. Manuscript War Diary The National Archives London File WO95\/2033."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","volume-title":"Manual of Field Works (All Arms)","author":"War Office","year":"1921","unstructured":"War Office 1921. Manual of Field Works (All Arms). HMSO, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","volume-title":"Manual of Field Works (All Arms)","author":"War Office","year":"1925","unstructured":"War Office 1925. Manual of Field Works (All Arms). HMSO, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","first-page":"510","volume-title":"International Handbook Military Geography","author":"Willig D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"WilligD. 2011. Mining warfare in the Wytschaete Ridge 1914\u201317 \u2013 advantages and disadvantages of high ground emplacements. In: H\u00e4uslerH. & MangR. (eds) International Handbook Military Geography. Vol. 2. Truppendienst, Vienna, 510\u2013524."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/SP362.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","volume-title":"Rock Slope Engineering, Civil and Mining","author":"Wyllie D.C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"WyllieD.C. & MahC.H. 2005. Rock Slope Engineering, Civil and Mining. 4th edn. Spon, London.","edition":"4"}],"container-title":["Geological Society, London, Special Publications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1144\/SP473.6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T02:56:10Z","timestamp":1721789770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/10.1144\/SP473.6"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/books\/book\/2150\/chapter\/120167669\/trench-construction-and-engineering-geology-on-the","label":"geoscienceworld"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/UrlRedirectHandler.ashx?routename=books&chapterdoi=10.1144\/SP473.6&request=chapter","label":"geoscienceworld"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1144\/SP473.6"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/sp473.6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-8719","2041-4927"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0305-8719"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2041-4927"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-03-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}