{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T10:19:19Z","timestamp":1772878759780,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-002"}],"funder":[{"name":"ENPI","award":["SE 424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SE 424"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.lyellcollection.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Special Publications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rapakivi granites were in use during the Middle Ages in Finland. Their most spectacular use, however, was for structures built in St Petersburg between 1760 and 1917. Remarkable examples are the majestic and slender Alexander Column and the 112 columns of St Isaac's Cathedral. All Rapakivi granite was extracted from the Wiborg Rapakivi granite batholith in several quarries around the municipality of Virolahti in SE Finland (old Russia). Today, the 1640 Ma-old Wiborg batholith is the most important area for natural stone production in Finland and in the Leningrad region, Russian Federation. The main quarried stone varieties of Rapakivi granite (Baltic Brown, Baltic Green, Carmen Red, Karelia Red, Eagle Red and Balmoral Red) are regularly produced in large quantities in Finland for the global stone market due to the stone's unique qualities. Examples of applications in Rapakivi granite from Finland can be found in the USA, China, South Africa, the UK, Italy, Austria, Ireland, Spain and Germany as well as in Scandinavia and Russia. There are also quarries near Vyborg, the Russian Federation: Vozrozhdenie and Ala-Noskua.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/sp486-2018-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T18:05:13Z","timestamp":1592849113000},"page":"67-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Rapakivi granite in the architecture of St Petersburg: a potential Global Heritage Stone from Finland and Russia"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"486","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7573-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Bulakh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, 199034 Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6132-7865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paavo","family":"H\u00e4rm\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Finland, FI-02151 Espoo, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4871-0872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Panova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, 199034 Russia"}]},{"given":"Olavi","family":"Selonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c5bo Akademi University, Department of Natural Sciences, Geology and Mineralogy, FI-20500 Turku, Finland"}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","volume-title":"State Geological Map of Russian Federation. 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Vestnik of the Leningad University, 3(1), 17\u201326 [in Russian].","journal-title":"Vestnik of the Leningad University"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/SP407.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","volume-title":"St Petersburg: A history in stone","author":"Bulakh A.G.","year":"2010","unstructured":"BulakhA.G., AbakumovaN.B. & RomanovskyJ.V. 2010. St Petersburg: A history in stone. University Press, St Petersburg."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Building Stone: From geology to architecture","author":"Bulakh A.G.","year":"2015","unstructured":"BulakhA.G., PanovaE.G. & SelonenO. 2015. Old and new granite Rapakivi in the architectural design of the spit of the Vasilievsky Island in St. Petersburg. In: KuzminyhE.N. (ed.) Building Stone: From geology to architecture. Karelian Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, 92\u201395 [in Russian]."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Rapakivi granite in St Petersburg architecture and mineralogical-petrographical observations","volume":"7","author":"Bulakh A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"BulakhA., GavrilenkoV. & PanovaE. 2016. Rapakivi granite in St Petersburg architecture and mineralogical-petrographical observations. Vestnik SBGU, 7, 40\u201353 [in Russian].","journal-title":"Vestnik SBGU"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3176\/earth.2008.3.02"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","unstructured":"H\u00e4rm\u00e4P. & SelonenO. 2018. Natural stone production in the Wiborg Rapakivi granite batholith in southeastern Finland. Geotechnical report 10. The Finnish Natural Stone Association Helsinki."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","series-title":"Engineering Geology for Society and Territory","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Urban Geology, Sustainable Planning and Landscape Exploitation","author":"H\u00e4rm\u00e4 P.","year":"2015","unstructured":"H\u00e4rm\u00e4P., SelonenO. & LuodesH. 2015. The Wiborg granite batholith: the main production area for granite in Finland. In: LollinoG., ManconiA., GuzzettiF., CulshawM., BobrowskyP.T. & LuinoF. (eds) Urban Geology, Sustainable Planning and Landscape Exploitation Engineering Geology for Society and Territory, 5. Springer, Cham, 259\u2013262."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","series-title":"Geological Science Series","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Nordic Stone","author":"Heldal T.","year":"2003","unstructured":"HeldalT. & SelonenO. 2003. History and heritage. In: SelonenO. & SuominenV. (eds) Nordic Stone. 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