{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:16:20Z","timestamp":1790331380554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.geolsoc.org.uk\/publications\/lyell-collection\/user-license-1-1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/www.geolsoc.org.uk\/publications\/lyell-collection\/user-license-1-2"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006273","name":"Bureau de Recherches G\u00e9ologiques et Mini\u00e8res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006273","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007755","name":"Agence de l'Eau Seine-Normandie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007755","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.lyellcollection.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Since the 1980s, nitrate has been shown to be present in soils and the vadose zone of various types of geological materials years after fertilizer application. In chalk, where the vadose zone is thick, nitrate storage can be considerable and its transport time towards groundwater can be lengthy. In this context, evaluation of the impact of changes in agricultural practices on groundwater quality remains a major question. Improvement of groundwater quality can in certain cases be greatly delayed after the implementation of environmental agricultural practices.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            The principal objective of this study is to improve our knowledge of when changes in agricultural practices will have a noticeable effect on groundwater quality. To meet this objective, nitrate concentration profiles were performed in agricultural plots in Picardy (France). A crop marker event was used to calculate the transport velocity of water and associated solutes. This method is useful when other tracers (such as tritium or chloride) cannot be used. Estimated velocities range from 0.51 to 0.54 m a\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            ; these values are similar to those described in similar chalk aquifers.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/sp517-2020-164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T13:50:21Z","timestamp":1620136221000},"page":"389-398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nitrate transport in the chalk vadose zone in Picardy, France"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"517","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6692-325X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Surdyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau de Recherches G\u00e9ologiques et Mini\u00e8res, 3 Avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Gourcy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau de Recherches G\u00e9ologiques et Mini\u00e8res, 3 Avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5865-7879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violaine","family":"Bault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau de Recherches G\u00e9ologiques et Mini\u00e8res, 3 Avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1904-8560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Baran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau de Recherches G\u00e9ologiques et Mini\u00e8res, 3 Avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(97)00008-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01321-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","first-page":"330","article-title":"Historique cultural et profils d'azote min\u00e9ral dans la zone non satur\u00e9e de la craie: cons\u00e9quences sur le trans- fert et le bilan de l'azote. R\u00e9sultats de dix ann\u00e9es d'observation","volume":"2","author":"Ballif J.L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ballif, J.L. and Muller, J.C. 1993. Historique cultural et profils d'azote min\u00e9ral dans la zone non satur\u00e9e de la craie: cons\u00e9quences sur le trans- fert et le bilan de l'azote. R\u00e9sultats de dix ann\u00e9es d'observation. Cahier Agriculture, 2, 330\u2013337.","journal-title":"Cahier Agriculture"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_1","unstructured":"Baran N. and Chabart M. 2006. D\u00e9termination de la vitesse de transfert des nitrates en zone crayeuse sur deux bassins versants \u00e0 enjeux : La Retourne (08) et la Superbe (51). Rapport final Rapport BRGM RP 54985-FR."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(94)90090-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2003.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.286"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3774(02)00036-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003740100348"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2007.0162"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00020869"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w11030492"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/WR022i005p00635"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_1","volume-title":"The Measurement and Estimation of Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity","author":"Hollis J.M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hollis, J.M. and Woods, S.M. 1989. The Measurement and Estimation of Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity. SSLRC, Cranfield University, Bedford."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.11.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016WR020132"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_1","unstructured":"Kerbaul A. Morfaux P. and Landreau A. 1979. L'\u00e9pandage d'effluents sur terrain agricole. \u2013 Effets sur la zone non satur\u00e9e de la craie en Champagne. Rapport BRGM 79 SGN 229 HYD\/CHA."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w12092385"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2019.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_1","unstructured":"Lacherez-Bastin S. 2005. Contribution \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude de la migration des nitrates dans le sol et la zone non satur\u00e9e de la nappe de la craie dans le Nord de la France \u2013 Mod\u00e9lisation int\u00e9gr\u00e9e des nitrates dans le bassin versant de l'Escrebieux. PhD thesis Universit\u00e9 des Sciences et Technologies de Lille."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_1","unstructured":"Landreau A. and Morfaux P. 1981. Etude sur site experimental de la propogation des nitrate dans la craie de champagne. Rapport BRGM 81 SGN 640 CHA\/EAU."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_1","unstructured":"Landreau A. and Morisot A. 1983. Evaluation de la vulnerabilite des aquiferes libres aux nitrates d'origine agricole. 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