{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T21:47:38Z","timestamp":1771019258151,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":354,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.lyellcollection.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Europe relies mainly on imports of critical raw materials (CRMs) for its industry, not least the vital ones for emerging green energy technologies. Among the main metal and mineral producers in Europe today, the Nordic countries (specifically, Greenland, Norway, Sweden and Finland) share a diverse geology with various deposit types formed over a long geological time span. This has led to large near-future potential with regard to CRM production. Based on current knowledge and datasets, we assess the Nordic geological potential for CRMs that are specifically relevant for green technologies, namely cobalt, graphite, hafnium, lithium, niobium, platinum-group metals, rare earth elements (REEs), silicon, tantalum, titanium and vanadium, describing the most important deposits, their setting and characteristics. Several Nordic CRM resources stand out in a European and even global context, such as the giant REE(\u2013Nb\u2013Ta\u2013Hf) deposits in Greenland, while the REE\u2013Nb\u2013(Hf) deposits at Fen (Norway) and Norra K\u00e4rr (Sweden) are very significant for Europe; Finland is the only major cobalt producer, while Norway has very significant graphite and titanium resources and production. Furthermore, Sweden, Finland and Greenland have very large vanadium resources. In addition, we conclude that the Nordic research and exploration potential for most CRMs is large.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/sp526-2022-55","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T12:15:25Z","timestamp":1667477725000},"page":"95-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Critical metals and minerals in the Nordic countries of Europe: diversity of mineralization and green energy potential"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"526","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8981-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU)","place":["Uppsala, Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villav\u00e4gen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Tuomo","family":"T\u00f6rm\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Finland (GTK)","place":["Rovaniemi, Finland"]}]},{"given":"Jakob Kl\u00f8ve","family":"Keiding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Minerals and Materials, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), \u00d8ster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Terje","family":"Bjerkg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mineral Resources Section, Geological Survey of Norway","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]}]},{"given":"Pasi","family":"Eilu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Finland","place":["Espoo, Finland"]}]},{"given":"Jussi","family":"Pokki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Finland","place":["Espoo, Finland"]}]},{"given":"H\u00e5vard","family":"Gautneb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mineral Resources Section, Geological Survey of Norway","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]}]},{"given":"Helge","family":"Reginiussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU)","place":["Uppsala, Sweden"]}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Minerals and Materials, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), \u00d8ster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Martiya","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU)","place":["Uppsala, Sweden"]}]},{"given":"Jan Sverre","family":"Sandstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mineral Resources Section, Geological Survey of Norway","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Stendal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Mineral Resources, Government of Greenland","place":["Nuuk, Greenland"]}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","unstructured":"Ahtola T. and Kuusela J. 2015. 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