none 10.1144/SP534-2022-231 Geological Society of London Geological Society of London 1881 148958599 65091 2025021001520900780 10.1144 2025-02-10T04:52:36Z 2023-06-23T05:52:26Z 0 Geological Society, London, Special Publications SP 0305-8719 2041-4927 10 28 2022 06 27 2024 534 1 Jack Walker Edge Hill University Ormskirk, UK http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7663-1632 Joseph F. Emmings CGG, Tyn Y Coed, Llanrhos, Llandudno LL30 1SA, UK Sanem Acikalin School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Shannon Flynn School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Cees van der Land School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Martin Jones School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Christopher H. Vane British Geological Survey Keyworth, UK Jan A. I. Hennissen British Geological Survey Keyworth, UK Ed Hough British Geological Survey Keyworth, UK Thomas Wagner The Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University UK Lucy Craddock Cuadrilla Resources Ltd, Manchester Business Park, 3000 Aviator Way, Wythenshawe, Manchester M22 5TG, UK Abstract The Bowland sub-basin is a target for hydrocarbon exploration, but to a large extent it remains unexplored. To determine the economic potential of the Bowland sub-basin, it is important to identify the oceanographic processes involved in the deposition of the Bowland Shale Formation in the Late Mississippian ( c. 330 Ma). Palaeoceanographic processes are known to be a major control on the development of hydrocarbon source rocks. This study investigates core (Preese Hall-1 and Becconsall-1Z) materials from the Upper Bowland Shale, and makes a comparison with previously published data (outcrop Hind Clough), all from the Bowland sub-basin, Lancashire, UK. The sedimentology and geochemistry of this formation were determined via a multi-technique approach including X-ray fluorescence, sedimentology, gamma-ray spectra, X-ray diffraction and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Key trace metal abundances and enrichment factors were used to assess sediment provenance and to determine the bottom-water redox conditions during the deposition of the Upper Bowland Shale. Our results support interpretations of contemporaneous anoxia developing in bottom waters in at least three sites in the Bowland sub-basin. In a comparison with the Fort Worth Basin (Barnett Shale, USA), the Bowland sub-basin was apparently less restricted and deposited under a much higher mean sediment accumulation rate. Knowledge from this study will improve future resource estimates of the Bowland Shale Formation, and challenge the early assumptions that the Barnett Shale is an analogue of the Bowland Shale. 10 25 2023 06 27 2024 147 164 10.1144/SP534-2022-231 1 10.1144/crossmark-policy www.lyellcollection.org true 2022-08-01 2023-05-18 2023-05-21 2023-10-25 Natural Environment Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270 British Geological Survey - University Funding Initiative Newcastle University - School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/publications/lyell-collection/user-license-1-1 https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/publications/lyell-collection/user-license-1-2 10.1144/SP534-2022-231 https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP534-2022-231 https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/pdf/10.1144/SP534-2022-231 https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/UrlRedirectHandler.ashx?routename=books&chapterdoi=10.1144/SP534-2022-231&request=chapter Geology of the Country Around Garstang: Memoir for 1:50 000 Geological Sheet 67 (England and Wales) Aitkenhead N. 1992 Aitkenhead, N. 1992. Geology of the Country Around Garstang: Memoir for 1:50 000 Geological Sheet 67 (England and Wales). HM Stationery Office. 10.1029/2004PA001112 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.09.001 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.035 10.1016/0009-2541(94)90062-0 Andrews I.J. 2013. The Carboniferous Bowland Shale Gas Study: Geology and Resource Estimation. British Geological Survey/Department of Energy and Climate Change London. 10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.13 Arthurton R.S. Johnson E.W. and Mundy D. 1988. Geology of the Country Around Settle: Memoir of the British Geological Survey Sheet 60. Recent Scientific Advances in the Understanding of Induced Seismicity from Hydraulic Fracturing of Shales Baptie B.J. 2022 Baptie, B.J., Segou, M., Hough, E. and Hennissen, J.A.I. 2022. Recent Scientific Advances in the Understanding of Induced Seismicity from Hydraulic Fracturing of Shales. British Geological Survey, Keyworth, UK, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-the-geological-science-of-shale-gas-fracturing 10.2516/ogst:2001013 10.1002/9781444304015.ch8 10.1144/pygs.20.1.40 Geology of the Country Around Lancaster: Memoir for 1:50 000 Geological Sheet 59 (England and Wales) Brandon A. 1998 Brandon, A. 1998. Geology of the Country Around Lancaster: Memoir for 1:50 000 Geological Sheet 59 (England and Wales). The Stationery Office. 10.1016/0264-8172(94)90066-3 10.1144/petgeo2017-066 10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.057.01.12 10.1144/GSL.MEM.2006.032.01.05 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1968.tb00833.x Journal of Sedimentary Research Collinson J.D. 194 39 1969 The sedimentology of the Grindslow Shales and the Kinderscout Grit: a deltaic complex in the Namurian of northern England Collinson, J.D. 1969. The sedimentology of the Grindslow Shales and the Kinderscout Grit: a deltaic complex in the Namurian of northern England. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 39, 194–221. Sedimentation in a Synorogenic Basin Complex: The Upper Carboniferous of Northwest Europe Collinson J.D. 85 1988 Collinson, J.D., Besly, B.M. and Kelling, G. 1988. Controls on Namurian sedimentation in the Central Province basins of Northern England. In: Sedimentation in a Synorogenic Basin Complex: The Upper Carboniferous of Northwest Europe. Blackie, Glasgow, 85–101. 10.1144/gsjgs.153.1.0017 10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.104.01.03 10.1144/pygs.51.2.103 10.1002/9781118274064.ch14 10.1144/petgeo2019-125 10.1306/03232221118 10.1038/325050a0 Dunham K.C. and Wilson A.A. 1985. Geology of the Northern Pennine Oilfield. Vol. 2. Economic Memoir of the British Geological Survey Great Britain. Geology of the Country Around Clitheroe and Nelson Earp J. 1961 Earp, J., Poole, E.G. and Whiteman, A. 1961. Geology of the Country Around Clitheroe and Nelson. HM Stationery Office. 10.1007/978-1-4020-4602-5 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.09.012 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.04.004 10.1111/sed.12642 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104567 10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102550 Journal of the Geological Society, London Fewtrell M.D. 61 137 1981 Discussion on the recognition and division of the Tournaisian Series in Britian Fewtrell, M.D., Smith, D.G., Clayton, G. and Sevastopulo, G.D. 1981. Discussion on the recognition and division of the Tournaisian Series in Britian. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 137, 61–63, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.138.1.0103 10.1016/0301-9268(89)90040-5 10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.055.01.03 10.1144/GSL.MEM.2003.028.01.03 Fraser A.J. and Gawthorpe R.L. 2003. An Atlas of Carboniferous Basin Evolution in Northern England. Geological Society London Memoirs 28 https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2003.028.01.08. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.07.015 10.1144/gsjgs.144.1.0059 Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London Gilligan A. 251 70 1920 The petrography of the Millstone Grit of Yorkshire Gilligan, A. 1920. The petrography of the Millstone Grit of Yorkshire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 70, 251–294. 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.07.022 10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0719 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104434 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00214-7 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2020.104187 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.06.033 Geological Society, London, Special Publications Hennissen J.A.I. 534 2023 Hennissen, J.A.I., Emmings, J.F. 2023. The Bowland Shale Formation in the Blacon Basin: palaeoecology and resource potential. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 534, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP534-2022-211 10.1016/j.coal.2018.03.005 Becconsall-1 End of Well Report Hird C. 2012 Hird, C., Clarke, H. and Wood, T. 2012a. Becconsall-1 End of Well Report. Cuadrilla Resources. 10.1144/GSL.MEM.2003.020.01.77 Preese Hall 1A End of Well Report. LJ/06-5 (End of Well Report) Hird C. 2012 Hird, C., Clarke, H. and Turner, P. 2012b. Preese Hall 1A End of Well Report. LJ/06-5 (End of Well Report). Cuadrilla Resources. Holdsworth B. and Collinson J. 1988. Millstone Grit cyclicity revisited. In: Besly B.M. and Kelling G. (eds) Sedimentation in a Synorogenic Basin Complex: The Upper Carboniferous of Northwest Europe. Blackie & Son London 132–152. 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.12.014 SPE/EAGE European Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition Hough E. 1 2014 Hough, E., Vane, C.H., Smith, N.J. and Moss-Hayes, V.L. 2014. The Bowland Shale in the Roosecote borehole of the Lancaster fells Sub-Basin, Craven Basin, UK: a potential UK Shale gas play? SPE/EAGE European Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition, Vienna, Austria, European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1–11. Geological Society of America Special Papers Isbell J.L. 5 370 2003 Timing of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: was glaciation responsible for the development of Northern Hemisphere cyclothems? Isbell, J.L., Miller, M.F., Wolfe, K.L. and Lenaker, P.A. 2003. Timing of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: was glaciation responsible for the development of Northern Hemisphere cyclothems? Geological Society of America Special Papers, 370, 5–24. Poster presented at the 21st International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry Jarvie D.M. 2003 Jarvie, D.M., Hill, R.J., Pollastro, R.M., Wavrek, D.A., Bowker, K.A., Claxton, B.L. and Tobey, M.H. 2003. Evaluation of unconventional natural gas prospects: the Barnett Shale fractured shale gas model. Poster presented at the 21st International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, September 8–12, Krakow, Poland. 10.2118/178687-MS 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.02.009 10.1144/pygs.35.3.323 Conference on Petroleum Geology of North West Europe Lawrence S. 225 1987 Lawrence, S., Coster, P., Ireland, R., Brooks, J. and Glennie, K. 1987. Structural development and petroleum potential of the northern flanks of the Bowland Basin (Carboniferous), north-west England. Conference on Petroleum Geology of North West Europe, 26 October, London, UK, Vol. 3, 225–233. 10.1016/S0016-7878(88)80001-4 Geological Society, London, Special Publications Lodhia B.H. 534 2023 Thermal evolution and resources of the Bowland Basin (NW England) from apatite fission-track analyses and multidimensional basin modelling Lodhia, B.H., Parent, A., Fraser, A.J., Nuemaier, M. and Hennissen, J.A.I. 2023. Thermal evolution and resources of the Bowland Basin (NW England) from apatite fission-track analyses and multidimensional basin modelling. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 534, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP534-2022-15 10.1306/11020606059 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1990.tb01848.x 10.1002/9781444304091.ch13 10.1306/02090605186 10.1002/hyp.10903 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.12.008 10.1144/jgs.157.2.471 10.1144/SP490-2018-109 10.1144/pygs.41.3.261 10.1144/gsjgs.136.2.0147 Journal of Paleontology Ramsbottom W.H.C. 123 59 1985 Evolution and evolutionary biostratigraphy of Carboniferous ammonoids Ramsbottom, W.H.C. and Saunders, W.B. 1985. Evolution and evolutionary biostratigraphy of Carboniferous ammonoids. Journal of Paleontology, 59, 123–139. Ramsbottom W.H.C. Calver M.A. Eagar RMC Hodson F. Holliday D.W. Stubblefield C.J. and Wilson R.B. 1978. A correlation of Silesian rocks in the British Isles. Geological Society London Special Publications 10 1–81. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin Read J.F. 473 233 1991 Two-dimensional modeling of carbonate ramp sequences and component cycles. Sedimentary modeling: computer simulations and methods for improved parameter definition Read, J.F., Osleger, D., Elrick, M., Franseen, E.K., Watney, W.L., Kendall, C. and Ross, W. 1991. Two-dimensional modeling of carbonate ramp sequences and component cycles. Sedimentary modeling: computer simulations and methods for improved parameter definition. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, 233, 473–488. A Review of the Factors Affecting the Sedimentation of the Millstone Grit (Namurian) in the Central Pennines Developments in Sedimentology Reading H. 340 1964 Reading, H. 1964. A Review of the Factors Affecting the Sedimentation of the Millstone Grit (Namurian) in the Central Pennines Developments in Sedimentology. Elsevier, 340–346. 10.1144/gsjgs.150.3.0427 Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference Series Riley D.A. 585 8 2016 Riley, D.A., Pearce, T.J., Mathia, E., Ratcliffe, K. and Martin, J. 2016. The application of elemental geochemistry to UK onshore unconventional plays. Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference Series, 8, 585–594, https://doi.org/10.1144/PGC8.8 10.1016/0009-2541(88)90010-1 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.08.006 10.1144/GSL.MEM.1990.012.01.01 10.1111/jpg.12598 Structure and Evolution of the South-West Pennine Basin and Adjacent Areas: Subsurface Memoir Smith N. 2005 Smith, N., Kirby, G. and Pharaoh, T.C. 2005. Structure and Evolution of the South-West Pennine Basin and Adjacent Areas: Subsurface Memoir. British Geological Survey. 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.03.011 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.012 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.09.009 Journal of Sedimentary Research Walker R.G. 90 36 1966 Shale Grit and Grindslow shales; transition from turbidite to shallow water sediments in the upper Carboniferous of northern England Walker, R.G. 1966. Shale Grit and Grindslow shales; transition from turbidite to shallow water sediments in the upper Carboniferous of northern England. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 36, 90–114. British Geological Survey Lithostratigraphical Framework for Carboniferous Successions of Great Britain (Onshore) Waters C. 2007 Waters, C., Browne, M., Dean, M. and Powell, J. 2007. Lithostratigraphical Framework for Carboniferous Successions of Great Britain (Onshore). British Geological Survey. 10.1144/pygs2014-341 10.1144/0016-76492011-047 A Lithostratigraphical Framework for the Carboniferous Successions of Southern Great Britain (Onshore) Waters C. 2009 Waters, C., Waters, R., Barclay, W. and Davies, J. 2009. A Lithostratigraphical Framework for the Carboniferous Successions of Southern Great Britain (Onshore). British Geological Survey. 10.1038/s41467-019-11653-4 Journal of Sedimentary Research Wintsch R.P. 349 64 1994 Differential mobility of elements in burial diagenesis of siliciclastic rocks Wintsch, R.P. and Kvale, C.M. 1994. Differential mobility of elements in burial diagenesis of siliciclastic rocks. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 64, 349–361. Geological History of Britain and Ireland Woodcock N.H. 2009 Woodcock, N.H. and Strachan, R.A. 2009. Geological History of Britain and Ireland. John Wiley & Sons. 10.1016/j.jsg.2011.05.001