{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T12:42:54Z","timestamp":1769604174874,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.lyellcollection.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The Late Pennsylvanian was a time of ice ages and climate dynamics that drove biotic changes in the marine and non-marine realms. The apex of late Paleozoic glaciation in southern Gondwana was during the Late Pennsylvanian, rather than the early Permian as inferred from more equatorial Pangaea. Waxing and waning of ice sheets drove cyclothemic sedimentation in the Pangaean tropics, providing an astrochronology tuned to Earth-orbital cycles, tied to climatic changes, reflected in aeolian loess and palaeosol archives. Vegetation change across the Middle\u2013Late Pennsylvanian boundary was not a \u2018Carboniferous rainforest collapse\u2019, but instead a complex and drawn out step-wise change from one kind of rainforest to another. Changes in marine invertebrate and terrestrial vertebrate animals occurred across the Middle\u2013Late Pennsylvanian boundary, but these did not lead to substantive changes in the organization of those communities. The base of the Upper Pennsylvanian is the base of the Kasimovian Stage, and this boundary needs a GSSP to standardize and stabilize chronostratigraphic usage. To avoid further chronostratigraphic confusion, the Cantabrian Substage should be abandoned, and the traditional Westphalian\u2013Stephanian boundary should be returned to and recognized as the time of major floristic change, the lycospore extinction event.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/sp535-2022-334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T14:26:05Z","timestamp":1675866365000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An introduction to ice ages, climate dynamics and biotic events: the Late Pennsylvanian world"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"535","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4594-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spencer G.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New Mexico Museum of Natural History, 1801 Mountain Road NW, Albuquerque NM 87104, USA"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"DiMichele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paleobiology, NMNH Smithsonian Institution","place":["Washington, DC, USA"]}]},{"given":"Stanislav","family":"Oplu\u0161til","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences &amp; Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China"}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Type and Reference Carboniferous Sections in the South Part of the Moscow Basin. 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