none 10.1144/SP545-2023-155 Geological Society of London Geological Society of London 1881 157138535 65091 2025110309021100266 10.1144 2025-11-03T17:09:17Z 2024-01-18T04:39:52Z 2 Geological Society, London, Special Publications SP 0305-8719 2041-4927 11 03 2023 03 31 2025 545 1 Eugenia V. Bugdaeva Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prosp. 100-letiya, Vladivostok 690022, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6919-9722 Lina B. Golovneva Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St Petersburg 197376, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0202-9515 Abstract Volcanogenic-sedimentary and coal-bearing deposits, which contain abundant fossils of a lacustrine fauna and terrestrial flora, are widespread in the territory of Transbaikalia (Russia), Mongolia and Northeastern China. These ecosystems are known under the name ‘Jehol Biota’, which occurs in the Yixian and Jiufotang formations. The discovery of ‘feathered’ dinosaurs and of the earliest angiosperms in western Liaoning Province (China) made them world famous. The history of this biota began in the nineteenth century, when the discoveries in Transbaikalia of the remains of conchostracans, ostracods, insects, fish and plants collected during the expedition of A.F. Middendorf were described. The Barremian–Aptian sedimentary sequences of Transbaikalia (Russia), Mongolia and Northeastern China are very similar. The appearance and evolution of the Jehol Biota occurred against the background of extensive volcanism and tectonic revival, after which normal sedimentary rocks were deposited, culminating in relief peneplanation, swamp development and peat formation. The northern limit of the distribution of this biota is determined to be up to c. 54° modern north latitude. 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