{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:42:41Z","timestamp":1750308161112,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Logic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We address the problem of defining semantics for logic programs in presence of incomplete and contradictory information coming from different sources. The information consists of facts that a central server collects and tries to combine using (a) a set of logical rules, that is, a logic program, and (b) a hypothesis representing the server's own estimates. In such a setting incomplete information from a source or contradictory information from different sources necessitate the use of many-valued logics in which programs can be evaluated and hypotheses can be tested. To carry out such activities we propose a formal framework based on bilattices such as Belnap's four-valued logics. In this framework we work with the class of programs defined by Fitting and we propose hypothesis-based semantics for such programs. We also establish an intuitively appealing connection between our hypothesis testing mechanism, on the one hand, and the well-founded semantics and Kripke-Kleene semantics of Datalog programs with negation, on the other hand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1013560.1013565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,7]],"date-time":"2004-10-07T17:38:56Z","timestamp":1097170736000},"page":"508-527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hypothesis-based semantics of logic programs in multivalued logics"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yann","family":"Loyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Spyratos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris Sud---Orsay, Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Stamate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of London, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(98)00032-0"},{"volume-title":"Modern Uses of Multiple-Valued Logic","author":"Belnap N. D.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Belnap , N. D. , Jr . 1977. A useful four-valued logic . In Modern Uses of Multiple-Valued Logic , J. M. Dunn and G. Epstein, Eds. D. Reichel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands . Belnap, N. D., Jr. 1977. A useful four-valued logic. In Modern Uses of Multiple-Valued Logic, J. M. Dunn and G. Epstein, Eds. D. Reichel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0743-1066(85)80005-4","article-title":"A Kripke\/Kleene semantics for logic programs","volume":"2","author":"Fitting M. C.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fitting , M. C. 1985 . A Kripke\/Kleene semantics for logic programs . J. Logic Programm. 2 , 295 -- 312 . Fitting, M. C. 1985. A Kripke\/Kleene semantics for logic programs. J. Logic Programm. 2, 295--312.","journal-title":"J. Logic Programm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0743-1066(91)90014-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/1.6.797","article-title":"Kleene's logic, generalized","volume":"1","author":"Fitting M. C.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fitting , M. C. 1992 . Kleene's logic, generalized . J. Logic Computat. 1 , 797 -- 810 . Fitting, M. C. 1992. Kleene's logic, generalized. J. Logic Computat. 1, 797--810.","journal-title":"J. Logic Computat."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0743-1066(93)90031-B","article-title":"The family of stable models","volume":"17","author":"Fitting M. C.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fitting , M. C. 1993 . The family of stable models . J. Logic Programm. 17 , 197 -- 225 . Fitting, M. C. 1993. The family of stable models. J. Logic Programm. 17, 197--225.","journal-title":"J. Logic Programm."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT), H. G. Schek, Ed. 24--38","author":"Fuhr N.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Fuhr , N. and Rolleke , T . 1998. HySpirit---a probabilistic inference engine for hypermedia retrieval in large databases . In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT), H. G. Schek, Ed. 24--38 . Fuhr, N. and Rolleke, T. 1998. HySpirit---a probabilistic inference engine for hypermedia retrieval in large databases. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT), H. G. Schek, Ed. 24--38."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Knowledge, uncertainty and ignorance in logics: Bilattices and beyond","volume":"9","author":"Gargov G.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gargov , G. 1999 . Knowledge, uncertainty and ignorance in logics: Bilattices and beyond . J. Appl. Non-Class. Logics 9 , 2 -- 3 . Gargov, G. 1999. Knowledge, uncertainty and ignorance in logics: Bilattices and beyond. J. Appl. Non-Class. Logics 9, 2--3.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Non-Class. Logics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00280.x","article-title":"Multivalued logics: A uniform approach to reasoning in artificial intelligence","volume":"4","author":"Ginsberg M. L.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ginsberg , M. L. 1988 . Multivalued logics: A uniform approach to reasoning in artificial intelligence . Computat. Intell. 4 , 265 -- 316 . Ginsberg, M. L. 1988. Multivalued logics: A uniform approach to reasoning in artificial intelligence. Computat. Intell. 4, 265--316.","journal-title":"Computat. Intell."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/1.1.41","article-title":"Bilattices and modal operators","volume":"1","author":"Ginsberg M. 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Introduction to Meta-Mathematics, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(97)00012-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3975(96)00126-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3975(96)00125-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Multivalued stable semantics for databases with uncertain information","author":"Spyratos N.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Spyratos , N. and Stamate , D. 1997 . Multivalued stable semantics for databases with uncertain information . Inform. Model. Knowl. Bases. VIII , 129 -- 144 . Spyratos, N. and Stamate, D. 1997. Multivalued stable semantics for databases with uncertain information. Inform. Model. Knowl. Bases. VIII, 129--144.","journal-title":"Inform. Model. Knowl. 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