{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T01:47:32Z","timestamp":1775094452967,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, more and more research results on measuring class diagrams have been developed in literatures. In order to study these metrics systematically and deeply, this paper analyzes and compares some typical metrics for UML class diagrams from different viewpoints, different types of relationships, different types of metric values, complexity, and theoretical and empirical validation. Finally, the authors discuss their advantages and disadvantages as well as the existing problems and the prospects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1022494.1022523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,7]],"date-time":"2004-10-07T17:39:09Z","timestamp":1097170749000},"page":"1-6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A comparison of metrics for UML class diagrams"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Tong","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China"}]},{"given":"Fangjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China"}]},{"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yichun University, Yichun, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2004.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2003.1166590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.481535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2458(02)80005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/949343.949320"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2003.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645789.667795"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"414","volume-title":"Proceedings of 6th International Conference on object-oriented Information Systems (OOIS 2000","author":"Genero M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Genero , M. , Manso , M. E. , Piattini , M. , Garc\u00eda , F. ( 2000 ): Early metrics for object oriented information systems . In Proceedings of 6th International Conference on object-oriented Information Systems (OOIS 2000 ), London, UK , December 2000, pp. 414 -- 425 . Genero, M., Manso, M. E., Piattini, M., Garc\u00eda, F. (2000): Early metrics for object oriented information systems. In Proceedings of 6th International Conference on object-oriented Information Systems (OOIS 2000), London, UK, December 2000, pp. 414--425."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/646089.680080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 5th International ECOOP Workshop on Quantitative Approaches in object-oriented Software Engineering (QAOOSE 2001","author":"Genero M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Genero , M. , Piattini , M. ( 2001 ): Empirical validation of measures for class diagram structural complexity through controlled experiments . In Proceedings of 5th International ECOOP Workshop on Quantitative Approaches in object-oriented Software Engineering (QAOOSE 2001 ), Budapest, Hungary , June 2001. http:\/\/www.iro.umontreal.ca\/~sahraouh\/qaoose01\/genero.pdf Genero, M., Piattini, M. (2001): Empirical validation of measures for class diagram structural complexity through controlled experiments. In Proceedings of 5th International ECOOP Workshop on Quantitative Approaches in object-oriented Software Engineering (QAOOSE 2001), Budapest, Hungary, June 2001. http:\/\/www.iro.umontreal.ca\/~sahraouh\/qaoose01\/genero.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"Early measures for UML class diagrams","volume":"6","author":"Genero M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Genero , M. , Piattini , M. , Calero , C. ( 2000 ): Early measures for UML class diagrams . L'Objet. Hermes Science Publications , 6 ( 4 ), 2000, pp. 489 -- 515 . Genero, M., Piattini, M., Calero, C. (2000): Early measures for UML class diagrams. L'Objet. Hermes Science Publications, 6(4), 2000, pp. 489--515.","journal-title":"L'Objet. Hermes Science Publications"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/857197.857890"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SCCC.2001.972637"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/942804.943779"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Texas A&M","author":"In P.","year":"2003","unstructured":"In , P. , Kim , S. , Barry , M. ( 2003 ): UML-based object-oriented metrics for architecture complexity analysis. Department of computer science , Texas A&M University , 2003. &lt;http:\/\/faculty.cs.tamu.edu\/hohin In, P., Kim, S., Barry, M. (2003): UML-based object-oriented metrics for architecture complexity analysis. Department of computer science, Texas A&M University, 2003. &lt;http:\/\/faculty.cs.tamu.edu\/hohin"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"431","volume-title":"International Conference on Computational Science 2004 (ICCS 2004","author":"Kang D.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kang , D. , ( 2004 ): A structural complexity measure for UML class diagrams . In International Conference on Computational Science 2004 (ICCS 2004 ), Krakow Poland , June 2004, pp. 431 -- 435 . Kang, D., et al. (2004): A structural complexity measure for UML class diagrams. In International Conference on Computational Science 2004 (ICCS 2004), Krakow Poland, June 2004, pp. 431--435."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"222","volume-title":"IEEE 10th International Workshop on Future Trends in Distributed Computing Systems (FTDCS 2004","author":"Kang D.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kang , D. , ( 2004 ): A complexity measure for ontology based on UML . In IEEE 10th International Workshop on Future Trends in Distributed Computing Systems (FTDCS 2004 ), Suzhou, China , May 2004, pp. 222 -- 228 . Kang, D., et al. (2004): A complexity measure for ontology based on UML. In IEEE 10th International Workshop on Future Trends in Distributed Computing Systems (FTDCS 2004), Suzhou, China, May 2004, pp. 222--228."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"No-redundant metrics for UML class diagram structural complexity","volume":"2681","author":"Manso M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Manso , M. , Genero , M. , Piattini , M. ( 2003 ): No-redundant metrics for UML class diagram structural complexity . Lecture Notes on Computer Science , 2681 , 2003, pp. 127 -- 142 . Manso, M., Genero, M., Piattini, M. (2003): No-redundant metrics for UML class diagram structural complexity. Lecture Notes on Computer Science, 2681, 2003, pp. 127--142.","journal-title":"Lecture Notes on Computer Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/522081.795010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Version 1.5. OMG unified modeling language specification 2.0","author":"OMG.","year":"2004","unstructured":"OMG. OMG unified modeling language specification , Version 1.5. OMG unified modeling language specification 2.0 , Object Management Group, Inc. , March 2004 . http:\/\/www.omg.org\/uml\/ OMG. OMG unified modeling language specification, Version 1.5. OMG unified modeling language specification 2.0, Object Management Group, Inc., March 2004. http:\/\/www.omg.org\/uml\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/947955.947960"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/857076.857090"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"New structure similarity metrics for UML models {Master Thesis}. Computer Science","author":"Rufai R.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rufai , R. ( 2003 ): New structure similarity metrics for UML models {Master Thesis}. Computer Science , King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , 2003. Rufai, R. (2003): New structure similarity metrics for UML models {Master Thesis}. Computer Science, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2003.1191795"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.6178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24721-0_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02687710"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/979743.979767"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1022494.1022523","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1022494.1022523","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T16:30:57Z","timestamp":1750264257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1022494.1022523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1022494.1022523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1022494.1022523","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-5948"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-5948","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-09-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}