{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T23:38:37Z","timestamp":1769729917815,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"77-78","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]],"date-time":"2003-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1062374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGACCESS Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>These days, accessibility-related regulations and guidelines have been accelerating the improvement of Web accessibility. One of the accelerating factors is the development and deployment of accessibility evaluation tools for authoring time and repair time. They mainly focus on creating compliant Web sites by analyzing the HTML syntax of pages, and report that pages are compliant when there are no syntactical errors. However, such compliant pages are often not truly usable by blind users. This is because current evaluation tools merely check if the HTML tags are appropriately used to be compliant with regulations and guidelines. It would be better if such tools paid more attention to real usability, especially on time-oriented usability factors, such as the speed to reach target content, the ease of understanding the page structure, and the navigability, in order to help Web designers to create not simply compliant pages but also usable pages for the blind. Therefore, we decided to develop Accessibility Designer (aDesigner), which has capabilities to visualize blind users' usability by using colors and gradations. The visualization function allows Web designers to grasp the weak points in their pages, and to recognize how accessible or inaccessible their pages are at a glance. In this paper, after reviewing the related work, we describe our approach to visualize blind users' usability followed by an overview of Accessibility Designer. We then report on our evaluations of real Web sites using Accessibility Designer. After discussing the results, we conclude the paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1029014.1028662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,8]],"date-time":"2007-06-08T15:23:01Z","timestamp":1181316181000},"page":"177-184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Accessibility designer"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Hironobu","family":"Takagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Japan, Yamato-shi, Kanagawa-ken, Japan"}]},{"given":"Chieko","family":"Asakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Japan, Yamato-shi, Kanagawa-ken, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kentarou","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Japan, Yamato-shi, Kanagawa-ken, Japan"}]},{"given":"Junji","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Japan, Yamato-shi, Kanagawa-ken, Japan"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act; see  http:\/\/www.section508.gov\/.  Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act; see http:\/\/www.section508.gov\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Bobby Watchfire Corporation; see  http:\/\/bobby.watchfire.com\/.  Bobby Watchfire Corporation; see http:\/\/bobby.watchfire.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"LiFT http:\/\/www.usablenet.com\/.  LiFT http:\/\/www.usablenet.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"A-Prompt University of Toronto http:\/\/aprompt.snow.utoronto.ca\/  A-Prompt University of Toronto http:\/\/aprompt.snow.utoronto.ca\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proc. Technology and Persons with Disabilities conference (CSUN 2002)","author":"Asakawa C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Asakawa , C. Automatic Web Content Accessibility Compliance Tool for Section 508 , Proc. Technology and Persons with Disabilities conference (CSUN 2002) , 2002 . Asakawa, C. et al, Automatic Web Content Accessibility Compliance Tool for Section 508, Proc. Technology and Persons with Disabilities conference (CSUN 2002), 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/274497.274526"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"JAWS Freedom Scientific Inc. http:\/\/www.freedomscientific.com\/  JAWS Freedom Scientific Inc. http:\/\/www.freedomscientific.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. of International Community for Auditory Display 2003","author":"Asakawa C.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Asakawa , C. , Takagi , H. , Maximum listening speeds for the blind , Proc. Conf. of International Community for Auditory Display 2003 , 2003 .Ivory, M.Y. Asakawa, C., Takagi, H., et al. Maximum listening speeds for the blind, Proc. Conf. of International Community for Auditory Display 2003, 2003.Ivory, M.Y."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/503112.503114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Vischeck http:\/\/www.vischeck.com\/  Vischeck http:\/\/www.vischeck.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/355460.355559"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"WAVE 3.0 Accessibility Tool see http:\/\/www.wave.webaim.org\/  WAVE 3.0 Accessibility Tool see http:\/\/www.wave.webaim.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/947226.947227"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"aDesigner http:\/\/www.alphaworks.ibm.com\/tech\/adesigner  aDesigner http:\/\/www.alphaworks.ibm.com\/tech\/adesigner"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Standard Widget Toolkit http:\/\/www.eclipse.org\/swt\/  Standard Widget Toolkit http:\/\/www.eclipse.org\/swt\/"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1029014.1028662","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1029014.1028662","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T16:24:35Z","timestamp":1750263875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1029014.1028662"}},"subtitle":["visualizing usability for the blind"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"77-78","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1029014.1028662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1029014.1028662","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1145\/1028630.1028662","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1145\/1028630.1028662","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1558-2337","1558-1187"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1558-2337","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-1187","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-09-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}