{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T11:13:10Z","timestamp":1778757190714,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,15]],"date-time":"2004-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1100476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGMIS Database"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last fifteen years, academic research on information systems (IS) outsourcing has evolved rapidly. Indeed the field of outsourcing research has grown so fast that there has been scant opportunity for the research community to take a collective breath, and complete a global assessment of research activities to date. This paper seeks to address this need by exploring and synthesizing the academic literature on IS outsourcing. It offers a roadmap of the IS outsourcing literature, highlighting what has been done so far, how the work fits together under a common umbrella, and what the future directions might be.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In order to adequately address the immense diversity of research on IS outsourcing and outsourcing in general, we develop a conceptual framework that helps us to categorize the literature. In particular, we look at the research objectives, methods used and theoretical foundations of the papers. In identifying the major research objectives, we view outsourcing as an organizational decision process and adapt Simon's stage model of decision making. This allows us to identify five major sourcing issues, from which at least one is covered by each academic article. These are the questions of &lt;i&gt;why&lt;\/i&gt; to outsource, &lt;i&gt;what&lt;\/i&gt; to outsource, &lt;i&gt;which&lt;\/i&gt; decision process to take, &lt;i&gt;how&lt;\/i&gt; to implement the sourcing decision, and what is the outcome of the sourcing decision. In analyzing the literature, we identify and structure the main explanatory factors and theoretical relationships within each of these sourcing stages. Based on our discussion of the research objectives, theoretical foundations and research approaches taken in the literature, we show how the various research streams hang together and we come up with a number of implications for research. Moreover, we identify a number of emerging sourcing issues. We believe that research on these \"new\" phenomena such as offshore outsourcing, application service providing and business process outsourcing would benefit from 'standing on the shoulders' of what has already been accomplished in the field of IS outsourcing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1035233.1035236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,26]],"date-time":"2005-01-26T16:49:14Z","timestamp":1106758154000},"page":"6-102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":710,"title":["Information systems outsourcing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Jens","family":"Dibbern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Mannheim"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Goles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at San Antonio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudy","family":"Hirschheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bandula","family":"Jayatilaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUNY-Binghamton"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior,\" In Action-Control: From Cognition to Behavior","author":"Ajzen I.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ajzen , I. ( 1985 ). \" From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior,\" In Action-Control: From Cognition to Behavior , J. Kuhl and J. Beckmann (Ed.), Heidelberg : Springer , pp. 11 -- 39 . Ajzen, I. (1985). \"From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior,\" In Action-Control: From Cognition to Behavior, J. Kuhl and J. 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The Sourcing of Application Software Services: Empirical Evidence of Cultural, Industry and Functional Differences, Berlin: Springer-Verlag."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Rethinking ERP-Outsourcing Decisions for Leveraging Technological and Preserving Business Knowledge,\" Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences","author":"Dibbern J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dibbern , J. , Brehm , L. and Heinzl , A . ( 2002 ). \" Rethinking ERP-Outsourcing Decisions for Leveraging Technological and Preserving Business Knowledge,\" Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences , Big Island , Hawaii , pp. 233 -- 242 . Dibbern, J., Brehm, L. and Heinzl, A. 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(2001). \"The Impact of the Client\/Vendor Relationship on Outsourcing Success,\" unpublished Dissertation, University of Houston."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0483(99)00042-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","first-page":"601","volume-title":"Brisbaine","author":"Goo J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goo , J. , Kishore , R. and Rao , H. R . ( 2000 ). \" A Content-Analytic Longitudinal Study of the Drivers for Information Technology and Systems Outsourcing,\" Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Information Systems , Brisbaine , Australia , pp. 601 -- 611 . Goo, J., Kishore, R. and Rao, H. R. 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