{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T12:36:43Z","timestamp":1762605403175,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"52","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1975,6,1]],"date-time":"1975-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":170812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGART Bull."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper was motivated, in part, by Price's recent (1975) tutorial comparing human and computer visual systems. While I found his comparisons interesting, a fundamental question continued to trouble me, as it has now for a number of years. Namely, does artificial intelligence (AI) really bear any fundamentally important relationship to natural intelligence? Or are the two sufficiently different so that a comparison of human and computer visual systems, for example, might be of the same significance as a comparison of locomotion in four-legged animals and four-wheeled vehicles?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1045236.1045237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,17]],"date-time":"2007-01-17T18:32:02Z","timestamp":1169058722000},"page":"11-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A comparison of natural and artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"A. 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Freud, Sigmund (1895) Unpublished, untitled paper subsequently published in Freud, Sigmund (1964-) Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Freud, (ed. by James Strachey), Macmillan, New York, 1:281--387."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"A Mathematical Model of the Plastic Neuron","author":"Griffith V. V.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Griffith , V. V. ( 1962 ) A Mathematical Model of the Plastic Neuron , Goodyear Aircraft Corporation , Akron, Ohio , Report No. GER-10589. Griffith, V. V. (1962) A Mathematical Model of the Plastic Neuron, Goodyear Aircraft Corporation, Akron, Ohio, Report No. GER-10589."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","DOI":"10.1109\/TME.1963.4323079"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Brain Function and Adaptive Systems - A Heterostatic Theory","author":"Klopf A. Harry","year":"1972","unstructured":"Klopf , A. Harry ( 1972 ) Brain Function and Adaptive Systems - A Heterostatic Theory , Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories Research Klopf, A. Harry (1972) Brain Function and Adaptive Systems - A Heterostatic Theory, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1974 International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society","author":"Klopf A. Harry","year":"1974","unstructured":"Klopf , A. Harry ( 1974 ) Brain function and adaptive systems - a heterostatic theory , Proceedings of the 1974 International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society , October 2-4, 1974, Dallas, Texas. Klopf, A. Harry (1974) Brain function and adaptive systems - a heterostatic theory, Proceedings of the 1974 International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society, October 2-4, 1974, Dallas, Texas."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey,\" Artificial Intelligence: A Paper Symposium","author":"Lighthill J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lighthill , J. ( 1973 ) \" Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey,\" Artificial Intelligence: A Paper Symposium , Science Research Council Pamphlet, Science Research Council, State House , High Holburn, London, April 1973. Lighthill, J. 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Minsky, M: (1954) \"Neural Nets and the Brain-model Problem,\" doctoral dissertation, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey (available from University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry","author":"Minsky M.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Minsky , M. , and Papert , S . ( 1969 ) Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry , M.I.T. Press , Cambridge, Mass . Minsky, M., and Papert, S. (1969) Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"A Framework for Representing Knowledge,\" The Psychology of Computer Vision","author":"Minsky Marvin","year":"1975","unstructured":"Minsky , Marvin ( 1975 ) \" A Framework for Representing Knowledge,\" The Psychology of Computer Vision , McGraw-Hill , New York . 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