{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:43:45Z","timestamp":1750308225395,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"81","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGACCESS Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although deaf students in the U.S. and Canada are taught written English, their inability to hear spoken English results in most deaf U.S. high school graduates (18 year olds) reading at a fourth-grade (10 year old) level (Holt, 1991). Unfortunately, many deaf accessibility aids, like television closed captioning or teletype telephones, assume the user has strong English literacy skills. Many deaf people with English reading difficulty are fluent in American Sign Language (ASL); so, an English-to-ASL automated machine translation (MT) system could make information and services accessible when English text captioning is too complex or an interpreter is unavailable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1055674.1055676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,8]],"date-time":"2007-06-08T15:23:01Z","timestamp":1181316181000},"page":"12-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["American Sign Language natural language generation and machine translation"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Matt","family":"Huenerfauth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/336595.337503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Stanford Achievement Test -","author":"Holt J.","unstructured":"Holt , J. 1991. Demographic , Stanford Achievement Test - 8 th Edition for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students: Reading Comprehension Subgroup Results . Holt, J. 1991. Demographic, Stanford Achievement Test - 8th Edition for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students: Reading Comprehension Subgroup Results.","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1614038.1614043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Workshop on Representation and Processing of Signed Languages, LREC","author":"Huenerfauth M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Huenerfauth , M. 2004 b. Spatial Representation of Classifier Predicates for Machine Translation into American Sign Language . Workshop on Representation and Processing of Signed Languages, LREC 2004. Huenerfauth, M. 2004b. Spatial Representation of Classifier Predicates for Machine Translation into American Sign Language. Workshop on Representation and Processing of Signed Languages, LREC 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Spatial and Planning Models of ASL Classifier Predicates for Machine Translation. 10th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation: TMI 2004","author":"Huenerfauth M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Huenerfauth , M. 2004 c. Spatial and Planning Models of ASL Classifier Predicates for Machine Translation. 10th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation: TMI 2004 , Baltimore, MD, USA. Huenerfauth, M. 2004c. Spatial and Planning Models of ASL Classifier Predicates for Machine Translation. 10th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation: TMI 2004, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"3rd International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Huenerfauth M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huenerfauth , M. 2005 . (To appear in July.) American Sign Language Spatial Representations for an Accessible User-Interface . In 3rd International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction . Las Vegas, NV, USA. Huenerfauth, M. 2005. (To appear in July.) American Sign Language Spatial Representations for an Accessible User-Interface. In 3rd International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"volume-title":"UK: Cambridge Univ","author":"Liddell S.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Liddell , S. 2003. Grammar , Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language. UK: Cambridge Univ . Press . Liddell, S. 2003. Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language. UK: Cambridge Univ. Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"2","volume":"3","author":"Morford J.","unstructured":"Morford , J. , and MacFarlane , J. Frequency Characteristics of ASL. Sign Language Studies , 3 : 2 . Morford, J., and MacFarlane, J. Frequency Characteristics of ASL. Sign Language Studies, 3:2.","journal-title":"J. Frequency Characteristics of ASL. Sign Language Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press","author":"Neidle C.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Neidle , C. , Kegl , D. , MacLaughlin , D. , Bahan , B. , and Lee , R. G . 2000 . The Syntax of American Sign Language: Functional Categories and Hierarchical Structure . Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press Neidle, C., Kegl, D., MacLaughlin, D., Bahan, B., and Lee, R. G. 2000. The Syntax of American Sign Language: Functional Categories and Hierarchical Structure. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1055674.1055676","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1055674.1055676","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T16:31:27Z","timestamp":1750264287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1055674.1055676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"81","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1055674.1055676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1055674.1055676","relation":{},"ISSN":["1558-2337","1558-1187"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1558-2337"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-1187"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}