{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:41:23Z","timestamp":1750308083672,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"80","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1982,4,1]],"date-time":"1982-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":386467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGART Bull."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous researchers in a handful of disciplines have been concerned, in recent years, with the special role (or roles) that time seems to play in information processing. Designers of computerized information systems have had to deal with the fact that when an information item becomes outdated, it need not be forgotten. Researchers in artificial intelligence have pointed to the need for a realistic world model to include representations not only for snapshot descriptions of the real world, but also for histories, or the evolution of such descriptions over time. Many logicians have regarded classical logic as an awkward tool for capturing the relationships and the meaning of statements involving temporal reference, and have proposed special \"temporal logics\" for this purpose. Finally, the analysis of tensed statements in natural language is a principal concern of researchers in linguistics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1056176.1056180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,17]],"date-time":"2007-01-17T18:32:02Z","timestamp":1169058722000},"page":"28-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The role of time in information processing"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Bolour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. L.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burroughs Corporation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. J.","family":"Dekeyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. K. T.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1982,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"tense, and the verb,\" University of California Publications in Linguistics","author":"Bull W. E.","year":"1960","unstructured":"W. E. Bull , \"Time , tense, and the verb,\" University of California Publications in Linguistics Vol. 19 ( 1960 ). W. E. Bull, \"Time, tense, and the verb,\" University of California Publications in Linguistics Vol. 19 (1960)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"B. Langefors \"Theoretical analysis of information systems \" Studentlitteratur Auerbach Lund Sweden (1966).  B. Langefors \"Theoretical analysis of information systems \" Studentlitteratur Auerbach Lund Sweden (1966)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"R. Mattison \"A formal system for the logical analysis of temporal relationships between intervals of time \" Memo. RM-5279-PR Rand Corporation Santa Monica CA (April 1967).  R. Mattison \"A formal system for the logical analysis of temporal relationships between intervals of time \" Memo. RM-5279-PR Rand Corporation Santa Monica CA (April 1967)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198243113.001.0001","volume-title":"present, future","author":"Prior A.","year":"1967","unstructured":"A. Prior , Past , present, future , Oxford University Press ( 1967 ). A. Prior, Past, present, future, Oxford University Press (1967)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"R. Mattison \"An introduction to the model theory of first-order predicate logic and a related temporal logic \" Memo. RM-5580-1-PR Rand Corporation Santa Monica CA (June 1969).  R. Mattison \"An introduction to the model theory of first-order predicate logic and a related temporal logic \" Memo. RM-5580-1-PR Rand Corporation Santa Monica CA (June 1969)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Tempus und Zeitreferenz im Deutschen","author":"Wunderlich D.","year":"1970","unstructured":"D. Wunderlich , Tempus und Zeitreferenz im Deutschen , Max Hueber Verlag , Munich ( 1970 ). D. Wunderlich, Tempus und Zeitreferenz im Deutschen, Max Hueber Verlag, Munich (1970)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"On the problems of time retrieval, temporal relations, causality, and coexistence,\" Proceedings of the Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Findler N.","year":"1971","unstructured":"N. Findler and D. Chen , \" On the problems of time retrieval, temporal relations, causality, and coexistence,\" Proceedings of the Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , Imperial College , (1--3 September 1971 ). N. Findler and D. Chen, \"On the problems of time retrieval, temporal relations, causality, and coexistence,\" Proceedings of the Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Imperial College, (1--3 September 1971)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Holt Reinhardt & Winston","author":"McCawley J.","year":"1971","unstructured":"J. McCawley , \" Tense and time reference in English ,\" in Studies in Linguistic Semantics , ed. T. Langendoen , Holt Reinhardt & Winston ( 1971 ). J. McCawley, \"Tense and time reference in English,\" in Studies in Linguistic Semantics, ed. T. Langendoen, Holt Reinhardt & Winston (1971)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-7664-1","volume-title":"Temporal Logic","author":"Rescher N.","year":"1971","unstructured":"N. Rescher and A. Urquhart , Temporal Logic , Springer Verlag , New York ( 1971 ). N. Rescher and A. Urquhart, Temporal Logic, Springer Verlag, New York (1971)."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","article-title":"Time-oriented patient records and a computer data bank","volume":"22","author":"Fries J. F.","year":"1972","unstructured":"J. F. Fries , \" Time-oriented patient records and a computer data bank ,\" Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 22 ( 12 ) ( December 1972 ). J. F. Fries, \"Time-oriented patient records and a computer data bank,\" Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 22(12) (December 1972).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"2","author":"Bruce B.","year":"1972","unstructured":"B. Bruce , \" A model for temporal reference and its application in a question answering program,\" Artificial Intelligence Vol . 3(1) ( 1972 ). 2 B. Bruce, \"A model for temporal reference and its application in a question answering program,\" Artificial Intelligence Vol. 3(1) (1972).2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Texas at Austin","author":"Dowty D. R.","year":"1972","unstructured":"D. R. Dowty , Studies in the logic of verb aspect and time reference in English , Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Texas at Austin ( 1972 ). D. R. Dowty, Studies in the logic of verb aspect and time reference in English, Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Texas at Austin (1972)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"The study of time,\" Proceedings of the first conference of the international society for the study of time","author":"Fraser J. T.","year":"1972","unstructured":"J. T. Fraser , F. C. Haber , and G. H. Muller , \" The study of time,\" Proceedings of the first conference of the international society for the study of time , Springer - Verlag , ( 1972 ). J. T. Fraser, F. C. Haber, and G. H. Muller, \"The study of time,\" Proceedings of the first conference of the international society for the study of time, Springer - Verlag, (1972)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. G. Hendrix \"Modeling simultaneous actions and continuous processes \" Artificial Intelligence Vol. 4(3) (1973).  G. G. Hendrix \"Modeling simultaneous actions and continuous processes \" Artificial Intelligence Vol. 4(3) (1973).","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(73)90010-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Synthesis of inference techniques: an interpreted syntax for the logical description of events","volume":"74","author":"Systems Operating","year":"1974","unstructured":"Operating Systems , Inc. , \" Synthesis of inference techniques: an interpreted syntax for the logical description of events ,\" OSI: N 74-003 Technical Note No. 2 (31 May 1974 ). Operating Systems, Inc., \"Synthesis of inference techniques: an interpreted syntax for the logical description of events,\" OSI: N74-003 Technical Note No. 2 (31 May 1974).","journal-title":"OSI: N"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"University of Stuttgart (July","author":"Falkenberg E. F.","year":"1974","unstructured":"E. F. 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Kahn, \"Mechanization of temporal knowledge,\" Technical Report MAC-TR-155, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT (September 1975)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"New York","author":"Sundgren B.","year":"1975","unstructured":"B. Sundgren , Theory of Data Bases , New York ( 1975 ).4 B. Sundgren, Theory of Data Bases, New York (1975).4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Wiederhold J. F. Fries and S. Weyl \"Structured organization of clinical data bases \" Proceedings of the AFIPS National Computer Conference (1975).  G. Wiederhold J. F. Fries and S. Weyl \"Structured organization of clinical data bases \" Proceedings of the AFIPS National Computer Conference (1975).","DOI":"10.1145\/1499949.1500043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Watson Research Center","author":"Bubenko J. A.","year":"1976","unstructured":"J. A. Bubenko , Jr., \" The temporal dimension in information modeling,\" RC 6187 #26479, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights , New York (16 November 1976 ).5 J. A. Bubenko, Jr., \"The temporal dimension in information modeling,\" RC 6187 #26479, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York (16 November 1976).5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Nudge, a knowledge-based scheduling program","author":"Goldstein I. P.","year":"1977","unstructured":"I. P. Goldstein and R. B. Roberts , \" Nudge, a knowledge-based scheduling program ,\" pp. 257 -- 263 in Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , ( 1977 ).6 I. P. Goldstein and R. B. Roberts, \"Nudge, a knowledge-based scheduling program,\" pp. 257--263 in Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, (1977).6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-3219-2","volume-title":"Tense Logic","author":"McArthur R. P.","year":"1976","unstructured":"R. P. 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Debry . \" The notion of time in medical records - structure of chronology, validation and calculation of a time interval ,\" Methods of Information in Medicine , Vol. 17 ( 2 ), pp. 90 -- 95 ( April 1978 ). J. M. Martin, J. P. Pointel, J. Martin, G. Debry. \"The notion of time in medical records - structure of chronology, validation and calculation of a time interval,\" Methods of Information in Medicine, Vol. 17(2), pp. 90--95 (April 1978).","journal-title":"Methods of Information in Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, (September","author":"Bradley J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"J. Bradley , \" Operations data bases,\" pp. 164--176 in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, (September 1978 ). J. Bradley, \"Operations data bases,\" pp. 164--176 in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, (September 1978)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"A model for the description of the information system dynamics,\" Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of European Cooperation in Informatics, (October","author":"Flory A.","year":"1978","unstructured":"A. Flory and J. Kouloumdjiam , \" A model for the description of the information system dynamics,\" Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of European Cooperation in Informatics, (October 1978 ). A. Flory and J. Kouloumdjiam, \"A model for the description of the information system dynamics,\" Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of European Cooperation in Informatics, (October 1978)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800127.804066"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"California (September 28","author":"Hemphill L.","year":"1978","unstructured":"L. Hemphill and J. Rhyne , \" A model for knowledge representation in natural language query systems,\" IBM research report #RJ2304 (31046), San Jose , California (September 28 , 1978 ). L. Hemphill and J. Rhyne, \"A model for knowledge representation in natural language query systems,\" IBM research report #RJ2304 (31046), San Jose, California (September 28, 1978)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"San Francisco (March","author":"Bolour A.","year":"1979","unstructured":"A. Bolour , \" The process model of data,\" Technical Report #38 , University of California , San Francisco (March 1979 ). A. Bolour, \"The process model of data,\" Technical Report #38, University of California, San Francisco (March 1979)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"B. Breutmann \"The temporal dimension of conceptual schemas \" in Proceedings of the IFIP Working Group 2.6 Munich (March 1979).  B. Breutmann \"The temporal dimension of conceptual schemas \" in Proceedings of the IFIP Working Group 2.6 Munich (March 1979)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/320107.320109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"North Holland","author":"Breutmann B.","year":"1979","unstructured":"B. Breutmann , E. F. Falkenberg , and R. Mauer , \" CSL : A language for defining conceptual schemas,\" in Data Base Architecture, ed. G. M. Nijssen and G. Bracchi , North Holland , Inc., Amsterdam (June 1979 ). B. Breutmann, E. F. Falkenberg, and R. Mauer, \"CSL : A language for defining conceptual schemas,\" in Data Base Architecture, ed. G. M. Nijssen and G. Bracchi, North Holland, Inc., Amsterdam (June 1979)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Tools for information system dynamics management,\" Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, (October","author":"Rolland C.","year":"1979","unstructured":"C. Rolland , S. Leifert , and C. 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Yamami , \" The Sematics of Time Series Data Modeling ,\" Master's Thesis , Dept. of EECS , University of California , Berkeley ( December 1979 ). G. E. Yamami, \"The Sematics of Time Series Data Modeling,\" Master's Thesis, Dept. of EECS, University of California, Berkeley (December 1979)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4379(79)90023-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"an extended SI-net formalism for knowledge representation systems,\" TR 80-1","author":"Freeman M. W.","year":"1980","unstructured":"M. W. Freeman , \"KNET : an extended SI-net formalism for knowledge representation systems,\" TR 80-1 , Burroughs Corporation, Federal and Special Systems Group , Paoli, Pennsylvania ( January 1980 ). M. W. Freeman, \"KNET: an extended SI-net formalism for knowledge representation systems,\" TR 80-1, Burroughs Corporation, Federal and Special Systems Group, Paoli, Pennsylvania (January 1980)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"L. Hirschman \"Retrieving time information from natural language texts \" in Proceedings of the Conference in Information Retrieval Research Cambridge England (June 1980).9  L. Hirschman \"Retrieving time information from natural language texts \" in Proceedings of the Conference in Information Retrieval Research Cambridge England (June 1980).9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","article-title":"Modula and a question of time","volume":"6","author":"Allchin J. E.","unstructured":"J. E. Allchin , \" Modula and a question of time ,\" IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering Vol. SE-6 (4) (July 1980). J. E. Allchin, \"Modula and a question of time,\" IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering Vol. SE-6(4) (July 1980).","journal-title":"IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/382171.382655"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"J. A. Bubenko Jr. \"Information modeling in the context of system development \" Proceedings of IFIP Congress 80 (October 1980).  J. A. Bubenko Jr. \"Information modeling in the context of system development \" Proceedings of IFIP Congress 80 (October 1980)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4379(80)90009-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"of Computer Science","author":"Allen J. F.","year":"1981","unstructured":"J. F. Allen , \" Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals,\" Technical Report 86, Dept. of Computer Science , The University of Rochester , Rochester, NY 14627 ( January 1981 ).10 J. F. Allen, \"Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals,\" Technical Report 86, Dept. of Computer Science, The University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 (January 1981).10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"of Computer Science","author":"McDermott D.","year":"1981","unstructured":"D. McDermott , \" A temporal logic for reasoning about processes and plans,\" research report #196, Dept. of Computer Science , Yale University (March 1981 ). D. McDermott, \"A temporal logic for reasoning about processes and plans,\" research report #196, Dept. of Computer Science, Yale University (March 1981)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"G. Ariav and H. L. Morgan \"MDM: Handling the time dimension in generalized DBMS\" Working Paper Dept. of Decision Sciences The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania (May 1981).  G. Ariav and H. L. Morgan \"MDM: Handling the time dimension in generalized DBMS\" Working Paper Dept. of Decision Sciences The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania (May 1981)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Time relations and event relations,\" submitted for publication (July","author":"Bolour A.","year":"1981","unstructured":"A. Bolour and L. J. Dekeyser , \" Time relations and event relations,\" submitted for publication (July 1981 ). A. 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Kurakawa, \"Time-oriented features for medical consultation systems,\" pp. 910--912 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, British Columbia (August 1981)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"49--51 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Marburger H.","year":"1981","unstructured":"H. Marburger , Bernd Neumann , and H-J. Novak , \" Natural language dialogue about moving objects in an automatically analyzed traffic scene,\" pp. 49--51 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , Vancouver, British Columbia (August 1981 ). H. Marburger, Bernd Neumann, and H-J. Novak, \"Natural language dialogue about moving objects in an automatically analyzed traffic scene,\" pp. 49--51 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, British Columbia (August 1981)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Natural Language interaction with dynamic knowledge bases: monitoring as response","author":"Mays E.","year":"1981","unstructured":"E. Mays , S. Lanka , A. K. Joshi , and B. L. Weber , \" Natural Language interaction with dynamic knowledge bases: monitoring as response ,\" pp. 61 -- 63 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, British Columbia (August 1981 ). E. Mays, S. Lanka, A. K. Joshi, and B. L. Weber, \"Natural Language interaction with dynamic knowledge bases: monitoring as response,\" pp. 61--63 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, British Columbia (August 1981)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"106--108 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Sembugamoorthy V.","year":"1981","unstructured":"V. Sembugamoorthy , \"Analogy-based acquisition of utterance relating to temporal aspects,\" pp. 106--108 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , Vancouver, British Columbia (August 1981 ). V. 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Tsotsos, \"Temporal event recognition: an application to left ventricular performance,\" pp. 900--907 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, British Columbia (August 1981)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Modelling events in data base applications design","author":"Antonellis V. De","year":"1981","unstructured":"V. De Antonellis , and B. Zonta , \" Modelling events in data base applications design ,\" pp. 23 -- 31 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Cannes, France (September 1981 ). V. De Antonellis, and B. Zonta, \"Modelling events in data base applications design,\" pp. 23--31 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Cannes, France (September 1981)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"An approach to include the time dimension in the entity-relationship model,\" Second International Conference on the Entity Relationship Approach, (October","author":"Klopprogge M. R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"M. R. Klopprogge , \"TERM : An approach to include the time dimension in the entity-relationship model,\" Second International Conference on the Entity Relationship Approach, (October 1981 ). M. R. Klopprogge, \"TERM: An approach to include the time dimension in the entity-relationship model,\" Second International Conference on the Entity Relationship Approach, (October 1981)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"University of Washington","author":"Anderson T. L.","year":"1981","unstructured":"T. L. Anderson , \" The Data Base Semantics of Time ,\" Ph.D. Dissertation , University of Washington ( 1981 ). T. L. 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