{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:58:18Z","timestamp":1775199498936,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>When a progressive wave of localized deformations occurs tangentially on the fingerpad skin, one typically experiences the illusion of a small object sliding on it. This effect was investigated because of its potential application to the display of Braille. A device was constructed that could produce such deformation patterns along a line. Blind subjects' ability to read truncated Braille characters (\u2018\u25cb\u25cb\u2019, \u2018\u25cb\u2022\u2019, \u2018\u2022\u25cb\u2019, and \u2018\u2022\u2022\u2019) using the device was experimentally tested and compared to their performance with a conventional Braille medium. While subjects could identify two-character strings with a high rate of success, several factors need to be addressed before a display based on this principle can become practical.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1060581.1060587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]],"date-time":"2005-08-01T17:33:57Z","timestamp":1122917637000},"page":"132-149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Display of virtual braille dots by lateral skin deformation: feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Vincent","family":"L\u00e9vesque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Pasquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryse","family":"Legault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VisuAide Inc., Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748508400932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Biegelsen D. K. Jackson W. B. Swartz L.-E. Berlin A. A. and Cheung P. C. 2004. Pneumatic actuator with elastomeric membrane and low-power electrostatic flap valve arrangement. US Patent no. 2004\/0124384 (pending).  Biegelsen D. K. Jackson W. B. Swartz L.-E. Berlin A. A. and Cheung P. C. 2004. Pneumatic actuator with elastomeric membrane and low-power electrostatic flap valve arrangement. US Patent no. 2004\/0124384 (pending)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Blazie D. 1998. Refreshable Braille now and in the years ahead. Transcript of lecture available online at http:\/\/www.nfb. org\/bm\/bm00\/bm0001\/bm000110.htm.  Blazie D. 1998. Refreshable Braille now and in the years ahead. Transcript of lecture available online at http:\/\/www.nfb. org\/bm\/bm00\/bm0001\/bm000110.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMMS.1970.299963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Tactual Perception: A Sourcebook","author":"Foulke E.","unstructured":"Foulke , E. 1982. Reading Braille . In Tactual Perception: A Sourcebook , W. Schiff and E. Foulke, Eds. Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 168--208. Foulke, E. 1982. Reading Braille. In Tactual Perception: A Sourcebook, W. Schiff and E. Foulke, Eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 168--208."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEE Colloquium on Developments in Tactile Displays","volume":"012","author":"Fricke J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fricke , J. 1997 . Substituting friction by weak vibration on a tactile pin array . In Proceedings of IEE Colloquium on Developments in Tactile Displays , vol. Digest no. 1997\/ 012 , 3\/1--3\/3. Fricke, J. 1997. Substituting friction by weak vibration on a tactile pin array. In Proceedings of IEE Colloquium on Developments in Tactile Displays, vol. 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ASME IMECE2000, Orlando, FL, 1309--1314."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/vimr.1.3.131.4438"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of EuroHaptics","author":"Levesque V.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Levesque , V. and Hayward , V . 2003. Experimental evidence of lateral skin strain during tactile exploration . In Proceedings of EuroHaptics 2003 . 261--275. Levesque, V. and Hayward, V. 2003. Experimental evidence of lateral skin strain during tactile exploration. In Proceedings of EuroHaptics 2003. 261--275."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Reading by Touch","author":"Millar S.","unstructured":"Millar , S. 1997. Hand-movements in reading: measures, functions and proficiencies . In Reading by Touch , Routledge New York , 56--97. Millar, S. 1997. Hand-movements in reading: measures, functions and proficiencies. 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