{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:55:35Z","timestamp":1750308935077,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]],"date-time":"2005-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The article addresses the formal specification, design and implementation of the behavioral component of graphical user interfaces. The complex sequences of visual events and actions that constitute dialogs are specified by means of modular, communicating grammars called VEG (Visual Event Grammars), which extend traditional BNF grammars to make them more convenient to model dialogs.A VEG specification is independent of the actual layout of the GUI, but it can easily be integrated with various layout design toolkits. Moreover, a VEG specification may be verified with the model checker SPIN, in order to test consistency and correctness, to detect deadlocks and unreachable states, and also to generate test cases for validation purposes.Efficient code is automatically generated by the VEG toolkit, based on compiler technology. Realistic applications have been specified, verified and implemented, like a Notepad-style editor, a graph construction library and a large real application to medical software. It is also argued that VEG can be used to specify and test voice interfaces and multimodal dialogs. The major contribution of our work is blending together a set of features coming from GUI design, compilers, software engineering and formal verification. Even though we do not claim novelty in each of the techniques adopted for VEG, they have been united into a toolkit supporting all GUI design phases, that is, specification, design, verification and validation, linking to applications and coding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1061254.1061256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,3]],"date-time":"2005-08-03T08:30:55Z","timestamp":1123057855000},"page":"124-167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A scalable formal method for design and automatic checking of user interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jean","family":"Berstel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Gaspard-Monge, Universit\u00e9 de Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, France"}]},{"given":"Stefano Crespi","family":"Reghizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italia"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Roussel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Gaspard-Monge, Universit\u00e9 de Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, France"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi San","family":"Pietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italia"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the First Symposium of Designing Interactive Systems (DIS'95)","author":"Abowd G. D.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Abowd , G. D. , Wang , H.-M. , and Monk , A. F . 1995. A formal technique for automated dialogue development . In Proceedings of the First Symposium of Designing Interactive Systems (DIS'95) , (Aug.), ACM, New York, 219--226.]] 10.1145\/225434.225459 Abowd, G. D., Wang, H.-M., and Monk, A. F. 1995. A formal technique for automated dialogue development. In Proceedings of the First Symposium of Designing Interactive Systems (DIS'95), (Aug.), ACM, New York, 219--226.]] 10.1145\/225434.225459"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Antlr Web Site: Complete Language Translation Solutions http:\/\/www.antlr.org.]]  Antlr Web Site: Complete Language Translation Solutions http:\/\/www.antlr.org.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV2001)","volume":"2102","author":"Ball T.","unstructured":"Ball , T. and Rajamani , S. K . 2001. The SLAM Toolkit . In Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV2001) (Paris, France, July 18--23). Lecture Notes in Computer Science , vol. 2102 . Springer-Verlag, New York, 260--264.]] Ball, T. and Rajamani, S. K. 2001. The SLAM Toolkit. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV2001) (Paris, France, July 18--23). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2102. Springer-Verlag, New York, 260--264.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009645414233"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"16th Int. Conference on Application and Theory of Petri Nets (ATPN'95)","author":"Bastide R.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bastide , R. and Palanque , P . 1995. A Petri net based environment for the design of event-driven interfaces . In 16th Int. Conference on Application and Theory of Petri Nets (ATPN'95) (Torino, Italy, 20--22). June 1995 . G., De Michelis and M., Diaz, Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 935. Springer-Verlag, New York, 66--83.]] Bastide, R. and Palanque, P. 1995. A Petri net based environment for the design of event-driven interfaces. In 16th Int. Conference on Application and Theory of Petri Nets (ATPN'95) (Torino, Italy, 20--22). June 1995. G., De Michelis and M., Diaz, Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 935. Springer-Verlag, New York, 66--83.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume":"197","author":"Berry G.","unstructured":"Berry , G. and Cosserat , L . 1984. The ESTEREL synchronous programming language and its mathematical semantics. In Seminar on Concurrency, A. W., Roscoe, G., Winskel, and S. D., Brookes , Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science , vol. 197 , Springer-Verlag, New York, 389--448.]] Berry, G. and Cosserat, L. 1984. The ESTEREL synchronous programming language and its mathematical semantics. In Seminar on Concurrency, A. W., Roscoe, G., Winskel, and S. D., Brookes, Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 197, Springer-Verlag, New York, 389--448.]]"},{"volume-title":"Rational Transductions and Context-Free Languages. B. G","author":"Berstel J.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Berstel , J. 1979. Rational Transductions and Context-Free Languages. B. G . Teubner , Stuttgart .]] Berstel, J. 1979. Rational Transductions and Context-Free Languages. B. G. Teubner, Stuttgart.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2001)","author":"Berstel J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Berstel , J. , Crespi Reghizzi , S. , Roussel , G. , and San Pietro , P. 2001 . A scalable formal method for design and automatic checking of user interfaces . In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2001) (Toronto, Ont. Canada, May 12--19). IEEE, New York, 453--462.]] Berstel, J., Crespi Reghizzi, S., Roussel, G., and San Pietro, P. 2001. A scalable formal method for design and automatic checking of user interfaces. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2001) (Toronto, Ont. Canada, May 12--19). IEEE, New York, 453--462.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/965105.807503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"XTL: A temporal logic for the formal development of interactive systems. In Formal Methods In Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Brun P.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brun , P. 1997 . XTL: A temporal logic for the formal development of interactive systems. In Formal Methods In Human-Computer Interaction . P., Palanque and F., Patern\u00f2, Eds. Springer-Verlag, New York , 121--139.]] Brun, P. 1997. XTL: A temporal logic for the formal development of interactive systems. In Formal Methods In Human-Computer Interaction. P., Palanque and F., Patern\u00f2, Eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, 121--139.]]"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of 3rd Eurographics Workshop on Design. Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems. F., Bodart and J., Vanderdonckt, Eds. Springer-Verlag","author":"Bumbulis P.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Bumbulis , P. , Alencar , P. S. C. , Cowan , D. D. , and Lucenan , C. J. P. 1996. Validating properties of component-based graphical user interfaces . In Proceedings of 3rd Eurographics Workshop on Design. Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems. F., Bodart and J., Vanderdonckt, Eds. Springer-Verlag , New York, 347--365.]] Bumbulis, P., Alencar, P. S. C., Cowan, D. D., and Lucenan, C. J. P. 1996. Validating properties of component-based graphical user interfaces. In Proceedings of 3rd Eurographics Workshop on Design. Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems. F., Bodart and J., Vanderdonckt, Eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, 347--365.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Italy","author":"Campi A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Campi , A. 2000 . Design and verification of GUIs by syntactical methods (in italian). Master Thesis, Politecnico di Milano , Italy , Dec. 2000.]] Campi, A. 2000. Design and verification of GUIs by syntactical methods (in italian). Master Thesis, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, Dec. 2000.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 4th Eurographics Workshop on Design, Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems","author":"Campos J. C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Campos , J. C. and Harrison , M. D . 1997. Formally verifying interactive systems: A review . In Proceedings of 4th Eurographics Workshop on Design, Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems , June 1997 , M. D., Harrison and J. C., Torres, Eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, 109--124.]] Campos, J. C. and Harrison, M. D. 1997. Formally verifying interactive systems: A review. In Proceedings of 4th Eurographics Workshop on Design, Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems, June 1997, M. D., Harrison and J. C., Torres, Eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, 109--124.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011265604021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Carlsson M. and Hallgren T. 1998. Fudgets---Purely functional processes with applications to graphical user interfaces Ph.D. dissertation. Computing Science Department Chalmers University of Technology and University of G\u00f6teborg. March 1998.]]  Carlsson M. and Hallgren T. 1998. Fudgets---Purely functional processes with applications to graphical user interfaces Ph.D. dissertation. Computing Science Department Chalmers University of Technology and University of G\u00f6teborg. March 1998.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Churcher G. E. Atwell E. S. and Souter C. 1997. Dialogue management systems: A survey and overview. Report 97.06 University of Leeds School of Computer Studies Leeds UK.]]  Churcher G. E. Atwell E. S. and Souter C. 1997. Dialogue management systems: A survey and overview. Report 97.06 University of Leeds School of Computer Studies Leeds UK.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/5397.5399"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/186025.186051"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Cole R. Mariani J. Uszkoreit H. Varile G. B. Zaenen A. Zampolli A. and Zue V. 1996. Survey of the State of the art in Human Language Technology. Cambridge University Press.]]   Cole R. Mariani J. Uszkoreit H. Varile G. B. Zaenen A. Zampolli A. and Zue V. 1996. Survey of the State of the art in Human Language Technology. Cambridge University Press.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE","author":"Corbett J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Corbett , J. , Dwyer , M. , Hatcliff , J. , Pasareanu , C. , Laubach , S. , and Zheng , H . 2000. Bandera: Extracting finite-state models from java source code . In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2000 ). (Limerick, Ireland, June 4--11). 439--448.]] 10.1145\/337180.337234 Corbett, J., Dwyer, M., Hatcliff, J., Pasareanu, C., Laubach, S., and Zheng, H. 2000. Bandera: Extracting finite-state models from java source code. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2000). (Limerick, Ireland, June 4--11). 439--448.]] 10.1145\/337180.337234"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Eurographics Workshop on Design Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems","author":"Ausbourg B.","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"d' Ausbourg , B. , Durrieu , G. , and Roche , P . 1996. Deriving a formal model of an interactive system from its UIL description in order to verify and to test its behaviour . In Proceedings of the 3rd Eurographics Workshop on Design Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems ( Namur, Belgium., June 5--7). F., Bodart and J., Vanderdonckt, Eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, 105--122.]] d'Ausbourg, B., Durrieu, G., and Roche, P. 1996. Deriving a formal model of an interactive system from its UIL description in order to verify and to test its behaviour. In Proceedings of the 3rd Eurographics Workshop on Design Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems (Namur, Belgium., June 5--7). F., Bodart and J., Vanderdonckt, Eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, 105--122.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00003934"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS 93","author":"Duke D. J.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Duke , D. J. and Harrison , M. D . 1993. Abstract interaction objects . In Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS 93 . R. J., Hubbold and R., Juan, Eds. Computer Graphics Forum, 12, 3, 26--36.]] Duke, D. J. and Harrison, M. D. 1993. Abstract interaction objects. In Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS 93. R. J., Hubbold and R., Juan, Eds. Computer Graphics Forum, 12, 3, 26--36.]]"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th European Software Engineering Conference. 244--261","author":"Dwyer M. B.","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Dwyer , M. B. , Carr , V. , and Hines , L . 1997. Model checking graphical user interfaces using abstractions . In Proceedings of the 6th European Software Engineering Conference. 244--261 .]] 10.1145\/267895.267914 Dwyer, M. B., Carr, V., and Hines, L. 1997. Model checking graphical user interfaces using abstractions. In Proceedings of the 6th European Software Engineering Conference. 244--261.]] 10.1145\/267895.267914"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS 90","author":"Faconti G.","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Faconti , G. and Patern\u00f2 , F . 1990. An approach to the formal specification of the components of an interaction . In Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS 90 , C., Vandoni and D., Duce, Eds. 481--494.]] Faconti, G. and Patern\u00f2, F. 1990. An approach to the formal specification of the components of an interaction. In Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS 90, C., Vandoni and D., Duce, Eds. 481--494.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Formal Aspects of Human Computer Interaction Workshop (FAHCI'98)","author":"Fekete J. D.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fekete , J. D. , Richard , M. , And Dragicevic , P. 1998 . Specification and verification of interactors: A tour of esterel . Presented in Formal Aspects of Human Computer Interaction Workshop (FAHCI'98) (Sept.), Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, U.K.]] Fekete, J. D., Richard, M., And Dragicevic, P. 1998. Specification and verification of interactors: A tour of esterel. Presented in Formal Aspects of Human Computer Interaction Workshop (FAHCI'98) (Sept.), Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, U.K.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1087-126"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/52.16899"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Joint 7th European Software Engineering Conference and 7th ACM SIGSOFT Information Symposium on Foundations of Software Eng. (ESEC\/FSE '99)","volume":"1687","author":"Gargantini A.","unstructured":"Gargantini , A. and Heitmeyer , C . 1999. Using model checking to generate tests from requirements specifications . In Proceedings of the Joint 7th European Software Engineering Conference and 7th ACM SIGSOFT Information Symposium on Foundations of Software Eng. (ESEC\/FSE '99) (Toulouse, France, Sept.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science , vol. 1687 , Springer-Verlag, New York, 146--162.]] Gargantini, A. and Heitmeyer, C. 1999. Using model checking to generate tests from requirements specifications. In Proceedings of the Joint 7th European Software Engineering Conference and 7th ACM SIGSOFT Information Symposium on Foundations of Software Eng. (ESEC\/FSE '99) (Toulouse, France, Sept.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1687, Springer-Verlag, New York, 146--162.]]"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE'2000)","author":"Godefroid L.","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Godefroid , L. , Jagadeesan , J. , Jagadeesan , R. , and Laufer , K . 2000. Automated systematic testing for constraint-based interactive services . In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE'2000) (San Diego, Nov.). 40--49.]] 10.1145\/355045.355051 Godefroid, L., Jagadeesan, J., Jagadeesan, R., and Laufer, K. 2000. Automated systematic testing for constraint-based interactive services. In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE'2000) (San Diego, Nov.). 40--49.]] 10.1145\/355045.355051"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/331490.332826"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on User Interface Management Systems","author":"Green M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Green , M. , 1983 . Report on dialogue specification tools . In Proceedings of the Workshop on User Interface Management Systems ( Seeheim, Germany, Nov. 1--3). G. E., Pfaff, Ed. Springer-Verlag, New York.]] Green, M., 1983. Report on dialogue specification tools. In Proceedings of the Workshop on User Interface Management Systems (Seeheim, Germany, Nov. 1--3). G. E., Pfaff, Ed. Springer-Verlag, New York.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6423(87)90035-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/62029.62031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/70739.70746"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/24054.24055"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.588521"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1982 Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems (Gaithersburg, Md.) ACM","author":"Jacob R. J. K.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jacob , R. J. K. 1982 . Using formal specifications in the design of a human-computer interface . In Proceedings of the 1982 Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems (Gaithersburg, Md.) ACM , New York, 315--321.]] 10.1145\/800049.80 1802 Jacob, R. J. K. 1982. Using formal specifications in the design of a human-computer interface. In Proceedings of the 1982 Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems (Gaithersburg, Md.) ACM, New York, 315--321.]] 10.1145\/800049.801802"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/579.586"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01692511"},{"volume-title":"VoiceXML: Introduction to Developing Speech Applications","author":"Larson J. A.","key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Larson , J. A. 2003. VoiceXML: Introduction to Developing Speech Applications , Prentice-Hall , Englewood Cliffs , N.J.]] Larson, J. A. 2003. VoiceXML: Introduction to Developing Speech Applications, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 11th Twente Workshop on Language Technology 11","author":"McGlashan S.","year":"1996","unstructured":"McGlashan , S. 1996 . Towards multimodal dialogue management . In Proceedings of 11th Twente Workshop on Language Technology 11 . Enschede, The Netherlands.]] McGlashan, S. 1996. Towards multimodal dialogue management. In Proceedings of 11th Twente Workshop on Language Technology 11. Enschede, The Netherlands.]]"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE 2000)","author":"Memon A.","key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Memon , A. , Pollack , M. , and Soffa , M. L . 2000. Automated test oracles for GUIs . In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE 2000) (San Diego, Calif., Nov. 6--10). 30--39.]] 10.1145\/355045.355050 Memon, A., Pollack, M., and Soffa, M. L. 2000. Automated test oracles for GUIs. In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE 2000) (San Diego, Calif., Nov. 6--10). 30--39.]] 10.1145\/355045.355050"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colo.). ACM Press","author":"Nigay L.","key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Nigay , L. and Coutaz , J . 1995. A generic platform for addressing the multimodal challenge . In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colo.). ACM Press , New York, 98--105.]] 10.1145\/223904.223917 Nigay, L. and Coutaz, J. 1995. A generic platform for addressing the multimodal challenge. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colo.). ACM Press, New York, 98--105.]] 10.1145\/223904.223917"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norris I. P. C. and Dill D. 1996. Better verification through symmetry. Form. Meth. Syst. Des. 9 1\/2 41--75.]] 10.1007\/BF00625968   Norris I. P. C. and Dill D. 1996. Better verification through symmetry. Form. Meth. Syst. Des. 9 1\/2 41--75.]] 10.1007\/BF00625968","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00625968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0096-0551(94)00015-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on User Interface Management Systems","author":"Olsen D. R. Jr.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Olsen , D. R. Jr. 1983 . Presentational, Syntactic and Semantic Components of Interactive Dialogue Specifications . In Proceedings of the Workshop on User Interface Management Systems ( Seeheim, Germany, Nov. 1--3), G. E., Pfaff, Ed. Springer-Verlag, New York , 1985.]] Olsen, D. R. Jr. 1983. Presentational, Syntactic and Semantic Components of Interactive Dialogue Specifications. In Proceedings of the Workshop on User Interface Management Systems (Seeheim, Germany, Nov. 1--3), G. E., Pfaff, Ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1985.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3870.3871"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Eds","author":"Palanque P.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Palanque , P. and Patern\u00f2 , F. , Eds . 1997 . Formal Methods In Human-Computer Interaction, Springer-Verlag, New York.]] Palanque, P. and Patern\u00f2, F., Eds. 1997. Formal Methods In Human-Computer Interaction, Springer-Verlag, New York.]]"},{"volume-title":"People and Computers VII: Proceedings of the HCI'92 Conference Cambridge University Press, 155--173","author":"Patern\u00f2 F.","key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Patern\u00f2 , F. and Faconti , G . 1992. On the use of LOTOS to describe graphical interaction . In People and Computers VII: Proceedings of the HCI'92 Conference Cambridge University Press, 155--173 .]] Patern\u00f2, F. and Faconti, G. 1992. On the use of LOTOS to describe graphical interaction. In People and Computers VII: Proceedings of the HCI'92 Conference Cambridge University Press, 155--173.]]"},{"volume-title":"Petri Net Theory and the Modelling of Systems","author":"Peterson J. L.","key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Peterson , J. L. 1981. Petri Net Theory and the Modelling of Systems , Prentice-Hall , Englewood Cliffs N.J.]] Peterson, J. L. 1981. Petri Net Theory and the Modelling of Systems, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs N.J.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1981.234520"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1982.4308798"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Shneidermann B.","unstructured":"Shneidermann , B. 1997. Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction , 3 rd edition (July), Addison- Wesley, Reading , Mass .]] Shneidermann, B. 1997. Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction, 3rd edition (July), Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.]]","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Graphics Interface '92 Canadian Annual Conference, 151--156","author":"Shoemake K.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shoemake , K. 1992 . ARCBALL: A user interface for specifying three-dimensional orientation using a mouse . In Proceedings of Graphics Interface '92 Canadian Annual Conference, 151--156 .]] Shoemake, K. 1992. ARCBALL: A user interface for specifying three-dimensional orientation using a mouse. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface '92 Canadian Annual Conference, 151--156.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/42190.42191"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1061254.1061256","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1061254.1061256","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T21:36:56Z","timestamp":1750282616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1061254.1061256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1061254.1061256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1061254.1061256","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1049-331X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7392"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}