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The analysis is based around the introduction and use of digital libraries in four different settings, three clinical and one academic. Across the four settings, in-depth interview and focus group data was collected from 144 users and analyzed with reference to \u201ccommunities of practice\u201d. The four settings represent three different approaches to digital library implementation: making digital library resources available from existing computer systems in people's offices and the library (a traditional approach); making computer systems, and hence digital libraries, available in shared spaces (in this case, hospital wards); and employing information intermediaries to work with staff and library resources. These different approaches engendered different perceptions of the technology. The traditional approach produced perceptions of technology as being irrelevant for current needs and community practices. Making technology available within shared physical space but with poor design, support, and implementation procedures was widely perceived as a threat to current organizational structures. In contrast, technology implemented within the community which could adapt and change practices according to individual and group needs, supported by an information intermediary, was seen as empowering to both the community and the individual. We relate the findings to a discussion of evolutionary and revolutionary approaches to design and to the concept of communities of practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1067860.1067863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,3]],"date-time":"2005-08-03T08:30:55Z","timestamp":1123057855000},"page":"174-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Social empowerment and exclusion"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Blandford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Computers Freedom and Privacy'00: Challenging the Assumptions.","author":"Adams A.","unstructured":"Adams , A. 2000. 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Digital Libr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/146045820200800202","article-title":"Acceptability of medical digital libraries","volume":"8","author":"Adams A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adams , A. and Blandford , A. 2002 a. Acceptability of medical digital libraries . Health Inform. J. 8 , 2, 58 -- 66 .]] Adams, A. and Blandford, A. 2002a. Acceptability of medical digital libraries. Health Inform. J. 8, 2, 58--66.]]","journal-title":"Health Inform. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries: People, Knowledge and Technology (ICADL'02)","author":"Adams A.","unstructured":"Adams , A. and Blandford , A . 2002b. Digital libraries in academia: Challenges and changes . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries: People, Knowledge and Technology (ICADL'02) (Sept.) Singapore. E. Lim, S. Foo, C. Khoo, H. Chen, E. Fox S. Urs and T. Costantino, Eds. Springer, Heidelberg. 392--403.]] Adams, A. and Blandford, A. 2002b. Digital libraries in academia: Challenges and changes. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries: People, Knowledge and Technology (ICADL'02) (Sept.) Singapore. E. Lim, S. Foo, C. Khoo, H. Chen, E. Fox S. Urs and T. Costantino, Eds. Springer, Heidelberg. 392--403.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL'01)","author":"Adams A.","unstructured":"Adams , A. and Blandford , A . 2001. Digital libraries in a clinical setting: Friend or foe . In Proceedings of the European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL'01) Darmstadt, Germany (Sept.). Springer, Heidelberg. 231--224.]] Adams, A. and Blandford, A. 2001. Digital libraries in a clinical setting: Friend or foe. 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