{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T20:49:13Z","timestamp":1773694153619,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Public transportation systems are among the most ubiquitous and complex large-scale systems found in modern society. For those unable to drive such as people with cognitive disabilities, these systems are essential gateways for participation in community activities, socialization, and independence. To understand the magnitude and scope of this national problem, we highlight deficiencies identified in an international study by the Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council and present specific cognitive barriers identified in empirical studies of transportation systems in several U.S. cities.An interdisciplinary team of HCI researchers, urban transportation planners, commercial technologists, and assistive care specialists are now collaborating on the Mobility-for-All project to create architectures and prototypes that support those with cognitive disabilities and their caregivers. We have grounded our research and design efforts using a\n            <jats:italic>distributed cognition<\/jats:italic>\n            framework. We have derived requirements for our designs by analyzing \u201chow things are\u201d for individuals with cognitive disabilities who learn and use public transportation systems. We present a socio-technical architecture that has three components: a) a personal travel assistant that uses real-time Global Positioning Systems data from the bus fleet to deliver just-in-time prompts; b) a mobile prompting client and a prompting script configuration tool for caregivers; and c) a monitoring system that collects real-time task status from the mobile client and alerts the support community of potential problems. We then describe a phased community-centered assessment approach that begins at the design stage and continues to be integrated throughout the project.This research has broad implications for designing more human-centered transportation systems that are universally accessible for other disenfranchised communities such as the elderly or nonnative speaker. This project presents an \u201cin-the-world\u201d research opportunity that challenges our understanding about mobile human computer interactions with ubiquitous, context-aware computing architectures in noisy, uncontrolled environments; personalization and user modeling techniques; and the design of universally accessible interfaces for complex systems through participatory design processes.This article provides both a near-term vision and an architecture for transportation systems that are socially inclusive, technologically appealing, and easier for everyone to use.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1067860.1067865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,3]],"date-time":"2005-08-03T08:30:55Z","timestamp":1123057855000},"page":"233-262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":192,"title":["Socio-technical environments supporting people with cognitive disabilities using public transportation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Carmien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder CO"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Dawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder CO"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder CO"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder CO"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Kintsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder CO"}]},{"suffix":"JR.","given":"James F.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder CO"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Ablelink Technologies. 2003. Available at www.ablelinktech.com.  Ablelink Technologies. 2003. Available at www.ablelinktech.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act). 1990. Available at www.usdoj.gov\/crt\/ada\/adahom1.htm.  ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act). 1990. Available at www.usdoj.gov\/crt\/ada\/adahom1.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Task Force on DSM-IV","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Computer Supported Collaborative Learning Conference (Dec.)","author":"Arieas E. G."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344949.345015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"AS (AgentSheets). 2004. Available at www.agentsheets.com.  AS (AgentSheets). 2004. Available at www.agentsheets.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"ATP (Assistive Technology Partners). 2004. Available at www.uchsc.edu\/atp.  ATP (Assistive Technology Partners). 2004. Available at www.uchsc.edu\/atp."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"(Visions System)","author":"Baesman B.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"MANTIS OS: An embedded multithreaded operating system for wireless micro sensor platforms","author":"Bhatti S.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Booth M. 2003. Disabled woman missing. Denver Post (Feb. 25 B2).  Booth M. 2003. Disabled woman missing. Denver Post (Feb. 25 B2)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Disability at the Dawn of the 21st Century and the State of the States","author":"Braddock D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","article-title":"Emerging technologies and cognitive disability","author":"Braddock D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Spec. Educ. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"The Culture of Education","author":"Bruner J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"BVSD (Boulder Valley School District). 2004. Available at www.bvsd.k12.co.us.  BVSD (Boulder Valley School District). 2004. Available at www.bvsd.k12.co.us."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on User Modeling (UM'03)","author":"Carmien S.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Extended Abstracts of the 2004 Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems (May)","author":"Carmien S.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Task support for people with cognitive impairments and their caregivers","volume":"4","author":"Carmien S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Amer. J. Occupa. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work Sanibel Island, FL. (Nov.), M. Pendergast, K. Schmidt, C. Simone, and M. Tremaine, Eds. ACM Press","author":"Carmien S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Carmien S. Fischer F. Fischer G. and Kollar I. 2005. The interplay of internal and external scripts---a distributed cognition perspective. In Scripting Computer-Supported Communication of Knowledge---Cognitive Computational and Educational Perspectives F. Fischer H. Mandl J. Haake and I. Kollar Eds.  Carmien S. Fischer F. Fischer G. and Kollar I. 2005. The interplay of internal and external scripts---a distributed cognition perspective. In Scripting Computer-Supported Communication of Knowledge---Cognitive Computational and Educational Perspectives F. Fischer H. Mandl J. Haake and I. Kollar Eds."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"the 2nd International Workshop on Ubiquitous Computing for Pervasive Healthcare Applications (Oct.)","author":"Carmien S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Levers---Helping People Help Themselves)","author":"Clever","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Coleman (Coleman Institute for Cognitive Disabilities). 2004. Available at www.cu.edu\/ColemanInstitute.  Coleman (Coleman Institute for Cognitive Disabilities). 2004. Available at www.cu.edu\/ColemanInstitute."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Commarts (Communication Arts). 2004. Available at www.commarts-boulder.com.  Commarts (Communication Arts). 2004. Available at www.commarts-boulder.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Enhancing independent task performance for individuals with mental retardation through use of a handheld self-directed visual and audio prompting system","volume":"37","author":"Davies D.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Educ. Train. Develop. Disabil."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327051HCI16234_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"DOL (US Department of Labor). 2002. Available at www.dol.gov\/esa\/regs\/statutes\/ofccp\/ada.htm.  DOL (US Department of Labor). 2002. Available at www.dol.gov\/esa\/regs\/statutes\/ofccp\/ada.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Work-Oriented Design of Computer Artifacts","author":"Ehn P.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/208344.208352"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of a technological prompting device to aid a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to initiate and complete daily tasks: An exploratory study","volume":"16","author":"Epstein J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Spec. Educ. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-7051(94)90033-7","article-title":"Turning breakdowns into opportunities for creativity","volume":"7","author":"Fischer G.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst. Special Issue on Creativity and Cognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Social creativity, symmetry of ignorance and meta-design","volume":"13","author":"Fischer G.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst. J. Special Issue on Creativity & Cognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer G. 2001a. Articulating the task at hand and making information relevant to it. Hum.-Comput. Interact. J. Special Issue on \u201cContext-Aware Computing\u201d 16 243--256. 10.1207\/S15327051HCI16234_08   Fischer G. 2001a. Articulating the task at hand and making information relevant to it. Hum.-Comput. Interact. J. Special Issue on \u201cContext-Aware Computing\u201d 16 243--256. 10.1207\/S15327051HCI16234_08","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327051HCI16234_08"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011145532042"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of HCI International","author":"Fischer G.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of HCI International","author":"Fischer G.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Human Computer Interaction Consortium Winter Workshop (HCIC '04)","author":"Fischer G."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference (June) Malm\u00f6 University, Sweden, T. Binder, J. Gregory, and I. Wagner Eds","author":"Fischer G."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galvin J. and Scherer M. 1996. Evaluating Selecting and Using Appropriate Assistive Technology. Aspen Pub. Inc. Gaitherburg MD.  Galvin J. and Scherer M. 1996. Evaluating Selecting and Using Appropriate Assistive Technology. Aspen Pub. Inc. Gaitherburg MD.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-081514601-8.50006-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"1968. Literacy in Traditional Societies","author":"Goody J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Gorman A. (LifeLine). 2003. Available at www.cs.colorado.edu\/~l3d\/clever\/projects\/lifeline.html.  Gorman A. (LifeLine). 2003. Available at www.cs.colorado.edu\/~l3d\/clever\/projects\/lifeline.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Gorman A. Kintsch A. Carmien S. Dawe M. De Paula R. Fischer G. and Sullivan J. 2003. Cognitive Levers Flash Demo Available at www.cs.colorado.edu\/~l3d\/clever\/demo\/clever-demo.swf.  Gorman A. Kintsch A. Carmien S. Dawe M. De Paula R. Fischer G. and Sullivan J. 2003. Cognitive Levers Flash Demo Available at www.cs.colorado.edu\/~l3d\/clever\/demo\/clever-demo.swf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Han R. (MANTIS). 2003. Available at mantis.cs.colorado.edu.  Han R. (MANTIS). 2003. Available at mantis.cs.colorado.edu."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Distributed cognition: Toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research. In Human-Computer Interaction in the New Millennium. J. Carroll, Ed. ACM Press, New York","author":"Hollan J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"NY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Cognition in the Wild","author":"Hutchins E.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1881.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Imagine!Colorado (Imagine!Colorado Center) 2004. Available at www.imaginecolorado.org\/home.htm.  Imagine!Colorado (Imagine!Colorado Center) 2004. Available at www.imaginecolorado.org\/home.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Intuicom (Intuicom). 2003. Available at www.intuicom.com.  Intuicom (Intuicom). 2003. Available at www.intuicom.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Isaac (Isaac project). 2003. Available at www.english.certec.lth.se\/Isaac.  Isaac (Isaac project). 2003. Available at www.english.certec.lth.se\/Isaac."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s102090100003","article-title":"A review and reappraisal of information technologies with a conceptual framework for individuals with disabilities","volume":"1","author":"Jacko J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inform. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of SWAAAC 2002: Supporting Learning Through Assistive Technology (June)","author":"Kintsch A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Comprehension: A Paradigm for Cognition","author":"Kintsch W.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"L3D (Center for LifeLong Learning & Design). 2004. Available at www.cs.colorado.edu\/~l3d.  L3D (Center for LifeLong Learning & Design). 2004. Available at www.cs.colorado.edu\/~l3d."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445500245005","article-title":"Promoting independent task performance by persons with severe developmental disabilities through a new computer-aided system","volume":"24","author":"Lancioni G.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Modific."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Lifeline Systems Inc (Lifeline Systems Inc.). 2004. Available at www.lifelinesys.com.  Lifeline Systems Inc (Lifeline Systems Inc.). 2004. Available at www.lifelinesys.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"The Image of the City","author":"Lynch K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199502000-00011","article-title":"You must remember this: Assistive devices for memory impairment","volume":"10","author":"Lynch W.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehab."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man","author":"McLuhan M.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Nardi B."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/026990596124250","article-title":"Riding the bus: Teaching an adult with a brain injury to use a transit system to travel independently to and from work","volume":"10","author":"Newbigging E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newell A. and Gregor P. 1997. Human computer interfaces for people with disabilities. In Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction M. Helander T. Landauer and P. Prabhu Eds. Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam 813--824.  Newell A. and Gregor P. 1997. Human computer interfaces for people with disabilities. In Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction M. Helander T. Landauer and P. Prabhu Eds. Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam 813--824.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044481862-1.50101-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"Nextbus (NextBus Inc.). 2004. Available at www.nextbus.com.  Nextbus (NextBus Inc.). 2004. Available at www.nextbus.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.88.1.1","article-title":"Categorization of action slips","volume":"88","author":"Norman D.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"The Psychology of Everyday Things","author":"Norman D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"The Design of Everyday Things","author":"Norman D.","DOI":"10.15358\/9783800648108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Things That Make Us Smart","author":"Norman D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Amusing Ourselves to Death---Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business","author":"Postman N."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Cambridge University Press","author":"Reason J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Sept.)","author":"Repenning A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/345124.345133"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Distributed Cognitions: Psychological and Educational Considerations","author":"Salomon G. Ed.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action","author":"Sch\u00f6n D.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315237473"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"Eds","author":"Schuler D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","unstructured":"Stern E. and Portugali J. 1999. Environmental cognition and decision making in urban navigation. In Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processe R. Golledge Ed. The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore MD 99--119.  Stern E. and Portugali J. 1999. Environmental cognition and decision making in urban navigation. In Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processe R. Golledge Ed. The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore MD 99--119."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Plans and Situated Actions","author":"Suchman L."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","unstructured":"Sullivan J. (Mobility for All). 2004. Available at http:\/\/www.cs.colorado.edu\/~l3d\/clever\/projects\/mobility.html.  Sullivan J. (Mobility for All). 2004. Available at http:\/\/www.cs.colorado.edu\/~l3d\/clever\/projects\/mobility.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","unstructured":"TRB. 2001. Communicating with Persons with Disabilities in a Multimodal Transit Environment---a Synthesis of Transit Practices (TCRP Synthesis Report 37). Transportation Research Board of the National Resource Council National Academy Press Washington D.C.  TRB. 2001. Communicating with Persons with Disabilities in a Multimodal Transit Environment---a Synthesis of Transit Practices (TCRP Synthesis Report 37). Transportation Research Board of the National Resource Council National Academy Press Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Envisioning Information","author":"Tufte E."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/159544.159617"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1067860.1067865","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1067860.1067865","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T21:26:19Z","timestamp":1750281979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1067860.1067865"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1067860.1067865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1067860.1067865","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}