{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T05:15:35Z","timestamp":1783746935530,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This research investigates the design and performance of the Speech Graffiti interface for spoken interaction with simple machines. Speech Graffiti is a standardized interface designed to address issues inherent in the current state-of-the-art in spoken dialog systems such as high word-error rates and the difficulty of developing natural language systems. This article describes the general characteristics of Speech Graffiti, provides examples of its use, and describes other aspects of the system such as the development toolkit. We also present results from a user study comparing Speech Graffiti with a natural language dialog system. These results show that users rated Speech Graffiti significantly better in several assessment categories. Participants completed approximately the same number of tasks with both systems, and although Speech Graffiti users often took more turns to complete tasks than natural language interface users, they completed tasks in slightly less time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1075389.1075391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]],"date-time":"2005-08-01T15:52:28Z","timestamp":1122911548000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Towards efficient human machine speech communication"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Tomko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas K.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Rudnicky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roni","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Colloquium on Systems and Applications of Man-Machine Interaction Using Speech I\/O. 10\/1--10\/3.","author":"Baber C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baber , C. 1991 . Human factors aspects of automatic speech recognition in control room environments . In Proceedings of IEEE Colloquium on Systems and Applications of Man-Machine Interaction Using Speech I\/O. 10\/1--10\/3. Baber, C. 1991. Human factors aspects of automatic speech recognition in control room environments. In Proceedings of IEEE Colloquium on Systems and Applications of Man-Machine Interaction Using Speech I\/O. 10\/1--10\/3."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ISCLP'00)","author":"Black A.","unstructured":"Black , A. and Lenzo , K . 2000. Limited domain synthesis . In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ISCLP'00) . Beijing, China. 411--414. Black, A. and Lenzo, K. 2000. Limited domain synthesis. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ISCLP'00). Beijing, China. 411--414."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Black A. Taylor P. and Caley R. 1998. The festival speech synthesis system. Available at http:\/\/www.cstr.ed.ac.uk\/projects\/festival.html.  Black A. Taylor P. and Caley R. 1998. The festival speech synthesis system. Available at http:\/\/www.cstr.ed.ac.uk\/projects\/festival.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","article-title":"Graffiti: Wow!!!! Pen","author":"Blickenstorfer C. H.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Blickenstorfer , C. H. 1995 . Graffiti: Wow!!!! Pen Comput. Mag. , (Jan:30-31). Blickenstorfer, C. H. 1995. Graffiti: Wow!!!! Pen Comput. Mag., (Jan:30-31).","journal-title":"Comput. Mag."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Eurospeech","author":"Clarkson P.","unstructured":"Clarkson , P. and Rosenfeld , R . 1997. Statistical language modeling using the CMU-Cambridge toolkit . In Proceedings of Eurospeech . Rhodes, Greece. 2707--2710. Clarkson, P. and Rosenfeld, R. 1997. Statistical language modeling using the CMU-Cambridge toolkit. In Proceedings of Eurospeech. 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