{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T06:11:23Z","timestamp":1775283083270,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Topical crawling is a young and creative area of research that holds the promise of benefiting from several sophisticated data mining techniques. The use of classification algorithms to guide topical crawlers has been sporadically suggested in the literature. No systematic study, however, has been done on their relative merits. Using the lessons learned from our previous crawler evaluation studies, we experiment with multiple versions of different classification schemes. The crawling process is modeled as a parallel best-first search over a graph defined by the Web. The classifiers provide heuristics to the crawler thus biasing it towards certain portions of the Web graph. Our results show that Naive Bayes is a weak choice for guiding a topical crawler when compared with Support Vector Machine or Neural Network. Further, the weak performance of Naive Bayes can be partly explained by extreme skewness of posterior probabilities generated by it. We also observe that despite similar performances, different topical crawlers cover subspaces on the Web with low overlap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1095872.1095875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,7]],"date-time":"2005-11-07T16:00:45Z","timestamp":1131379245000},"page":"430-462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Learning to crawl"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Gautam","family":"Pant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Padmini","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International World Wide Web Conference","author":"Aggarwal C. C.","year":"1920","unstructured":"Aggarwal , C. C. , Al-Garawi , F. , and Yu , P. S . 2001. Intelligent crawling on the World Wide Web with arbitrary predicates . In Proceedings of the 10th International World Wide Web Conference . Hong Kong. 10.1145\/37 1920 .371955 Aggarwal, C. C., Al-Garawi, F., and Yu, P. S. 2001. Intelligent crawling on the World Wide Web with arbitrary predicates. In Proceedings of the 10th International World Wide Web Conference. Hong Kong. 10.1145\/371920.371955"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1286(99)00045-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009715923555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International World Wide Web Conference. Hawaii. 10","author":"Chakrabarti S.","unstructured":"Chakrabarti , S. , Punera , K. , and Subramanyam , M . 2002. Accelerated focused crawling through online relevance feedback . In Proceedings of the 11th International World Wide Web Conference. Hawaii. 10 .1145\/511446.511466 Chakrabarti, S., Punera, K., and Subramanyam, M. 2002. Accelerated focused crawling through online relevance feedback. In Proceedings of the 11th International World Wide Web Conference. Hawaii. 10.1145\/511446.511466"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International World Wide Web Conference.","author":"Chakrabarti S.","unstructured":"Chakrabarti , S. , van den Berg , M. , and Dom , B . 1999. Focused crawling: A new approach to topic-specific Web resource discovery . In Proceedings of the 8th International World Wide Web Conference. Chakrabarti, S., van den Berg, M., and Dom, B. 1999. Focused crawling: A new approach to topic-specific Web resource discovery. In Proceedings of the 8th International World Wide Web Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM\/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital libraries. 10","author":"Chau M.","unstructured":"Chau , M. , Zeng , D. , and Chen , H . 2001. Personalized spiders for web search and analysis . In Proceedings of the 1st ACM\/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital libraries. 10 .1145\/379437.379454 Chau, M., Zeng, D., and Chen, H. 2001. Personalized spiders for web search and analysis. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM\/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital libraries. 10.1145\/379437.379454"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen H. Chau M. and Zeng D. 2002. Ci spider: A tool for competitive intelligence on the Web. Decision Support Systems 1--17. 10.1016\/S0167-9236(02)00002-7   Chen H. Chau M. and Zeng D. 2002. Ci spider: A tool for competitive intelligence on the Web. Decision Support Systems 1--17. 10.1016\/S0167-9236(02)00002-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(02)00002-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(1998)49:7%3C604::AID-ASI3%3E3.3.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow C. K. 1957. An optimum character recognition system using decision functions. IRE Transactions 247--254.  Chow C. K. 1957. An optimum character recognition system using decision functions. IRE Transactions 247--254.","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.1957.5222035"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of TREC-2003","author":"Craswell N.","unstructured":"Craswell , N. , Hawking , D. , Wilkinson , R. , and Wu , M . 2003. Overview of the trec-2003 web track . In Proceedings of TREC-2003 . Craswell, N., Hawking, D., Wilkinson, R., and Wu, M. 2003. Overview of the trec-2003 web track. In Proceedings of TREC-2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Support vector machines and kernel methods: the new generation of learning machines","volume":"23","author":"Cristianini N.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cristianini , N. and Sch\u00f6lkopf , B. 2002 . Support vector machines and kernel methods: the new generation of learning machines . AI Magazine 23 , 3, 31 -- 41 . Cristianini, N. and Sch\u00f6lkopf, B. 2002. Support vector machines and kernel methods: the new generation of learning machines. AI Magazine 23, 3, 31--41.","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. 10","author":"Davison B. D.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Davison , B. D. 2000 . Topical locality in the web . In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. 10 .1145\/345508.345597 Davison, B. D. 2000. Topical locality in the web. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. 10.1145\/345508.345597"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Day M. 2003. Collecting and preserving the World Wide Web. Tech. rep. UKOLN University of Bath. February. http:\/\/library.wellcome.ac.uk\/assets\/WTL039229.pdf.  Day M. 2003. Collecting and preserving the World Wide Web. Tech. rep. UKOLN University of Bath. February. http:\/\/library.wellcome.ac.uk\/assets\/WTL039229.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International World Wide Web Conference","author":"De Bra P. M. E.","unstructured":"De Bra , P. M. E. and Post , R. D. J. 1994. Information retrieval in the World Wide Web: Making client-based searching feasible . In Proceedings of the 1st International World Wide Web Conference ( Geneva). De Bra, P. M. E. and Post, R. D. J. 1994. Information retrieval in the World Wide Web: Making client-based searching feasible. In Proceedings of the 1st International World Wide Web Conference (Geneva)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Machine-learning research: Four current directions","volume":"18","author":"Dietterich T. G.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dietterich , T. G. 1998 . Machine-learning research: Four current directions . The AI Magazine 18 , 4, 97 -- 136 . Dietterich, T. G. 1998. Machine-learning research: Four current directions. The AI Magazine 18, 4, 97--136.","journal-title":"The AI Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB","author":"Diligenti M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Diligenti , M. , Coetzee , F. , Lawrence , S. , Giles , C. L. , and Gori , M . 2000. Focused crawling using context graphs . In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB 2000 ). Cairo, Egypt, 527--534. Diligenti, M., Coetzee, F., Lawrence, S., Giles, C. L., and Gori, M. 2000. Focused crawling using context graphs. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB 2000). Cairo, Egypt, 527--534."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Duda R. O. Hart P. E. and Stork D. G. 2000. Pattern Classification (2nd Edition). Wiley-Interscience.   Duda R. O. Hart P. E. and Stork D. G. 2000. Pattern Classification (2nd Edition). Wiley-Interscience."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Using svms for text categorization","volume":"13","author":"Dumais S. T.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dumais , S. T. 1998 . Using svms for text categorization . IEEE Intelligent Systems Magazine 13 , 4 . Dumais, S. T. 1998. Using svms for text categorization. IEEE Intelligent Systems Magazine 13, 4.","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Knowledge Discovery in Databases.","author":"Elkan C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Elkan , C. 1997 . Boosting and naive bayesian learning . In International Conference on Knowledge Discovery in Databases. Elkan, C. 1997. Boosting and naive bayesian learning. In International Conference on Knowledge Discovery in Databases."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International World Wide Web Conference.","author":"Hersovici M.","unstructured":"Hersovici , M. , Jacovi , M. , Maarek , Y. S. , Pelleg , D. , Shtalhaim , M. , and Ur , S . 1998. The shark-search algorithm---An application: Tailored Web site mapping . In Proceedings of the 7th International World Wide Web Conference. Hersovici, M., Jacovi, M., Maarek, Y. S., Pelleg, D., Shtalhaim, M., and Ur, S. 1998. The shark-search algorithm---An application: Tailored Web site mapping. In Proceedings of the 7th International World Wide Web Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6 ed","author":"Hogg R. V.","unstructured":"Hogg , R. V. , Craig , A. , and McKean , J. W. 2004. Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6 ed . Prentice Hall . Hogg, R. V., Craig, A., and McKean, J. W. 2004. Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6 ed. Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90020-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.485891"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI 95)","author":"John G. H.","unstructured":"John , G. H. and Langley , P . 1995. Estimating continuous distributions in bayesian classifiers . In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI 95) . Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 338--345. John, G. H. and Langley, P. 1995. Estimating continuous distributions in bayesian classifiers. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI 95). Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 338--345."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-2003)","author":"Johnson J.","unstructured":"Johnson , J. , Tsioutsiouliklis , K. , and Giles , C. L . 2003. Evolving strategies for focused web crawling . In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-2003) . Washington DC. Johnson, J., Tsioutsiouliklis, K., and Giles, C. L. 2003. Evolving strategies for focused web crawling. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-2003). Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"A study of the overlap among document representations","volume":"2","author":"Katzer J.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Katzer , J. , McGill , M. J. , Tessier , J. A. , Frakes , W. , and Das-Gupta , P. 1982 . A study of the overlap among document representations . Information Technology: Research and Development 2 , 261 -- 274 . Katzer, J., McGill, M. J., Tessier, J. A., Frakes, W., and Das-Gupta, P. 1982. A study of the overlap among document representations. Information Technology: Research and Development 2, 261--274.","journal-title":"Information Technology: Research and Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5360.98","article-title":"Searching the World Wide Web","volume":"280","author":"Lawrence S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lawrence , S. and Giles , C. L. 1998 . Searching the World Wide Web . Science 280 , 98 -- 100 . Lawrence, S. and Giles, C. L. 1998. Searching the World Wide Web. Science 280, 98--100.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Learning processes in an asymmetric threshold network","author":"LeCun Y.","unstructured":"LeCun , Y. 1986. Learning processes in an asymmetric threshold network . In Disordered Systems and Biological Organization, E. Bienenstock, F. Fogelman-Souli\u00e9, and G. Weisbuch, Eds. Springer-Verlag, Les Houches , France , 233--240. LeCun, Y. 1986. Learning processes in an asymmetric threshold network. In Disordered Systems and Biological Organization, E. Bienenstock, F. Fogelman-Souli\u00e9, and G. Weisbuch, Eds. Springer-Verlag, Les Houches, France, 233--240."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Machine Learning. Springer-Verlag, 4--15","author":"Lewis D. D.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lewis , D. D. 1998 . Naive (bayes) at forty: The independence assumption in information retrieval . In Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Machine Learning. Springer-Verlag, 4--15 . Lewis, D. D. 1998. Naive (bayes) at forty: The independence assumption in information retrieval. In Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Machine Learning. Springer-Verlag, 4--15."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Artificial Neural Networks: Theoretical Concepts","author":"Lippmann R. P.","unstructured":"Lippmann , R. P. 1988. An introduction to computing with neural nets . In Artificial Neural Networks: Theoretical Concepts . V. Vemuri Ed. IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA , 36--54. Lippmann, R. P. 1988. An introduction to computing with neural nets. In Artificial Neural Networks: Theoretical Concepts. V. Vemuri Ed. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 36--54."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7552(97)00050-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI 98 Workshop on Learning for Text Categorization.","author":"McCallum A.","unstructured":"McCallum , A. and Nigam , K . 1998. A comparison of event models for naive bayes text classification . In Proceedings of the AAAI 98 Workshop on Learning for Text Categorization. McCallum, A. and Nigam, K. 1998. A comparison of event models for naive bayes text classification. In Proceedings of the AAAI 98 Workshop on Learning for Text Categorization."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009953814988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478259","article-title":"A logical calculus of ideas imminent in nervous activity","volume":"5","author":"McCulloch W. S.","year":"1943","unstructured":"McCulloch , W. S. and Pitts , W. 1943 . A logical calculus of ideas imminent in nervous activity . Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5 , 115 -- 133 . McCulloch, W. S. and Pitts, W. 1943. A logical calculus of ideas imminent in nervous activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5, 115--133.","journal-title":"Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Discriminant Analysis and Statistical Pattern Recognition","author":"McLachlan G. J.","unstructured":"McLachlan , G. J. 1992. Discriminant Analysis and Statistical Pattern Recognition . Wiley , New York . McLachlan, G. J. 1992. Discriminant Analysis and Statistical Pattern Recognition. Wiley, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007653114902"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. 10","author":"Menczer F.","unstructured":"Menczer , F. , Pant , G. , Ruiz , M. , and Srinivasan , P . 2001. Evaluating topic-driven Web crawlers . In Proceedings of the 24th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. 10 .1145\/383952.383995 Menczer, F., Pant, G., Ruiz, M., and Srinivasan, P. 2001. Evaluating topic-driven Web crawlers. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. 10.1145\/383952.383995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031114.1031117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Machine Learning","author":"Mitchell T. M.","unstructured":"Mitchell , T. M. 1997. Machine Learning . McGraw-Hill , New York . Mitchell, T. M. 1997. Machine Learning. McGraw-Hill, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/72.914517"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014853428272"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL","author":"Pant G.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pant , G. and Menczer , F . 2003. Topical crawling for business intelligence . In Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL 2003 ). Trondheim, Norway. Pant, G. and Menczer, F. 2003. Topical crawling for business intelligence. In Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL 2003). Trondheim, Norway."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th World Wide Web Workshop on Web Dynamics.","author":"Pant G.","unstructured":"Pant , G. , Srinivasan , P. , and Menczer , F . 2002. Exploration versus exploitation in topic driven crawlers . In Proceedings of the 11th World Wide Web Workshop on Web Dynamics. Pant, G., Srinivasan, P., and Menczer, F. 2002. Exploration versus exploitation in topic driven crawlers. In Proceedings of the 11th World Wide Web Workshop on Web Dynamics."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pant G. Srinivasan P. and Menczer F. 2004a. Web Dynamics. Springer-Verlag Chapter Crawling the Web.  Pant G. Srinivasan P. and Menczer F. 2004a. Web Dynamics. Springer-Verlag Chapter Crawling the Web.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10874-1_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM\/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries. 142--150","author":"Pant G.","unstructured":"Pant , G. , Tsioutsiouliklis , K. , Johnson , J. , and Giles , C. L . 2004b. Panorama: Extending digital libraries with topical crawlers . In Proceedings of the 4th ACM\/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries. 142--150 . 10.1145\/996350.996384 Pant, G., Tsioutsiouliklis, K., Johnson, J., and Giles, C. L. 2004b. Panorama: Extending digital libraries with topical crawlers. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM\/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries. 142--150. 10.1145\/996350.996384"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Advances in Kernel Methods Support Vector Learning","author":"Platt J. C.","unstructured":"Platt , J. C. 1999. Fast training of support vector machines using sequential minimal optimization . In Advances in Kernel Methods Support Vector Learning , B. Sch\u00f6lkopf and A. Smola, Eds. M.I.T. Press , 185--208. Platt, J. C. 1999. Fast training of support vector machines using sequential minimal optimization. In Advances in Kernel Methods Support Vector Learning, B. Sch\u00f6lkopf and A. Smola, Eds. M.I.T. Press, 185--208."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1108\/eb046814","article-title":"An algorithm for suffix stripping","volume":"14","author":"Porter M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Porter , M. 1980 . An algorithm for suffix stripping . Program 14 , 3, 130 -- 137 . Porter, M. 1980. An algorithm for suffix stripping. Program 14, 3, 130--137.","journal-title":"Program"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM\/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries. 10","author":"Qin J.","unstructured":"Qin , J. , Zhou , Y. , and Chau , M . 2004. Building domain-specific web collections for scientific digital libraries: A meta-search enhanced focused crawling method . In Proceedings of the 4th ACM\/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries. 10 .1145\/996350.996383 Qin, J., Zhou, Y., and Chau, M. 2004. Building domain-specific web collections for scientific digital libraries: A meta-search enhanced focused crawling method. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM\/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries. 10.1145\/996350.996383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Machine Learning. Morgan Kaufmann","author":"Rennie J.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rennie , J. and McCallum , A. K. 1999 . Using reinforcement learning to spider the Web efficiently . In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Machine Learning. Morgan Kaufmann , San Francisco, CA, 335--343. Rennie, J. and McCallum, A. K. 1999. Using reinforcement learning to spider the Web efficiently. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Machine Learning. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, 335--343."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"318","article-title":"Learning internal representations by error propagation","volume":"1","author":"Rumelhart D. E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rumelhart , D. E. , Hinton , G. E. , and Williams , R. J. 1986 . Learning internal representations by error propagation . Parallel Data Processing 1 , 318 -- 362 . Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., and Williams, R. J. 1986. Learning internal representations by error propagation. Parallel Data Processing 1, 318--362.","journal-title":"Parallel Data Processing"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/175247.175256"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"The SMART Retrieval System---Experiments in automatic document processing","author":"Salton G.","unstructured":"Salton , G. 1971. The SMART Retrieval System---Experiments in automatic document processing . Prentice Hall Inc ., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Salton, G. 1971. The SMART Retrieval System---Experiments in automatic document processing. Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval","author":"Salton G.","unstructured":"Salton , G. and McGill , M. J. 1983. Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval . McGraw-Hill . Salton, G. and McGill, M. J. 1983. Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI). 1401--1406","author":"Schapire R. E.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schapire , R. E. 1999 . A brief introduction to boosting . In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI). 1401--1406 . Schapire, R. E. 1999. A brief introduction to boosting. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI). 1401--1406."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Kernel Methods: Support Vector Learning","author":"Sch\u00f6lkopf B.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6lkopf , B. , Burges , C. J. C. , and Smola , A. J . 1999 . Advances in Kernel Methods: Support Vector Learning . MIT Press . Sch\u00f6lkopf, B., Burges, C. J. C., and Smola, A. J. 1999. Advances in Kernel Methods: Support Vector Learning. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6lkopf B. and Smola A. J. 2003. A short introduction to learning with kernels. In Advanced Lectures on Machine Learning S. Mendelson and A. J. Smola Eds. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. Springer-Verlag New York NY 41--64.   Sch\u00f6lkopf B. and Smola A. J. 2003. A short introduction to learning with kernels. In Advanced Lectures on Machine Learning S. Mendelson and A. J. Smola Eds. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. Springer-Verlag New York NY 41--64.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36434-X_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"SIGIR 2003 Workshop on Defining Evaluation Methodologies for Terabyte-Scale Collections. http:\/\/dollar.biz.uiowa.edu\/~gpant\/Papers\/crawl_framework_position.pdf.","author":"Srinivasan P.","unstructured":"Srinivasan , P. , Menczer , F. , and Pant , G . 2003. Defining evaluation methodologies for topical crawlers . In SIGIR 2003 Workshop on Defining Evaluation Methodologies for Terabyte-Scale Collections. http:\/\/dollar.biz.uiowa.edu\/~gpant\/Papers\/crawl_framework_position.pdf. Srinivasan, P., Menczer, F., and Pant, G. 2003. Defining evaluation methodologies for topical crawlers. In SIGIR 2003 Workshop on Defining Evaluation Methodologies for Terabyte-Scale Collections. http:\/\/dollar.biz.uiowa.edu\/~gpant\/Papers\/crawl_framework_position.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-005-6993-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"Theodoridis S. and Koutroumbas K. 2003. Pattern Recognition. Academic Press San Diego CA.   Theodoridis S. and Koutroumbas K. 2003. Pattern Recognition. Academic Press San Diego CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"The nature of statistical learning theory","author":"Vapnik V. N.","unstructured":"Vapnik , V. N. 1995. The nature of statistical learning theory . Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Vapnik, V. N. 1995. The nature of statistical learning theory. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1109\/5.58323","article-title":"30 years of adaptive neural networks: Perceptron, madaline, and backpropagation","volume":"78","author":"Widrow B.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Widrow , B. 1990 . 30 years of adaptive neural networks: Perceptron, madaline, and backpropagation . Proceedings of the IEEE 78 , 9, 1415 -- 1452 . Widrow, B. 1990. 30 years of adaptive neural networks: Perceptron, madaline, and backpropagation. Proceedings of the IEEE 78, 9, 1415--1452.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright S. and Nocedal J. 1999. Numerical Optimization. Springer.  Wright S. and Nocedal J. 1999. Numerical Optimization. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b98874"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-97)","author":"Yang Y.","unstructured":"Yang , Y. and Pedersen , J. O . 1997. A comparative study on feature selection in text categorization . In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-97) . Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 412--420. Yang, Y. and Pedersen, J. O. 1997. A comparative study on feature selection in text categorization. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-97). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 412--420."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1095872.1095875","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1095872.1095875","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T16:08:28Z","timestamp":1750262908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1095872.1095875"}},"subtitle":["Comparing classification schemes"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1095872.1095875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1095872.1095875","relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-8188","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2868","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-10-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}