{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:41:42Z","timestamp":1750308102526,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cross-lingual information retrieval allows users to query mixed-language collections or to probe for documents written in an unfamiliar language. A major difficulty for cross-lingual information retrieval is the detection and translation of out-of-vocabulary (OOV) terms; for OOV terms in Chinese, another difficulty is segmentation. At NTCIR-4, we explored methods for translation and disambiguation for OOV terms when using a Chinese query on an English collection. We have developed a new segmentation-free technique for automatic translation of Chinese OOV terms using the web. We have also investigated the effects of distance factor and window size when using a hidden Markov model to provide disambiguation. Our experiments show these methods significantly improve effectiveness; in conjunction with our post-translation query expansion technique, effectiveness approaches that of monolingual retrieval.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1105696.1105697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,6]],"date-time":"2006-02-06T15:07:09Z","timestamp":1139238429000},"page":"57-77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Chinese OOV translation and post-translation query expansion in chinese--english cross-lingual information retrieval"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Technology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phil","family":"Vines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Technology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Zobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Technology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Ballesteros L.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Ballesteros , L. and Croft , W. B . 1998. Resolving Ambiguity for Cross-Language Retrieval . In Proceedings of the 21st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval , Melbourne, Australia. ACM Press New York. 64--71. 10.1145\/290941.290958 Ballesteros, L. and Croft, W. B. 1998. Resolving Ambiguity for Cross-Language Retrieval. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Melbourne, Australia. ACM Press New York. 64--71. 10.1145\/290941.290958"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Database Conference, K. D. Schewe and H. E. Williams, Eds","author":"Billerbeck B.","unstructured":"Billerbeck , B. and Zobel , J . 2004. Questioning query expansion: An examination of behaviour and parameters . In Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Database Conference, K. D. Schewe and H. E. Williams, Eds . Dunedin, New Zealand , pp. 69 -- 76 . Billerbeck, B. and Zobel, J. 2004. Questioning query expansion: An examination of behaviour and parameters. In Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Database Conference, K. D. Schewe and H. E. Williams, Eds. Dunedin, New Zealand, pp. 69--76."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop Information Retrieval with Asian Languages","author":"Chen A.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Chen , A. , Jiang , H. , and Gey , F . 2000. Combining multiple sources for short query translation in Chinese--English cross-language information retrieval . In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop Information Retrieval with Asian Languages , Hong Kong, China. ACM Press, New York. 17--23. 10.1145\/355214.355217 Chen, A., Jiang, H., and Gey, F. 2000. Combining multiple sources for short query translation in Chinese--English cross-language information retrieval. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop Information Retrieval with Asian Languages, Hong Kong, China. 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In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval , Sheffield, UK. ACM Press New York. 146--153. 10.1145\/1008992.1009020 Cheng, P. J., Teng, J. W., Chen, R. C., Wang, J. H., Lu, W.-H., and Chien, L.-F. 2004. Translating Unknown Queries with Web Corpora for Cross-Language Information Retrieval. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Sheffield, UK. ACM Press New York. 146--153. 10.1145\/1008992.1009020"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Federico M.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Federico , M. and Bertoldi , N . 2002. Statistical cross-language information retrieval using N-Best query translations . 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Query term disambiguation for Web cross-language information retrieval using a search engine . In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Information Retrieval with Asian Languages , Hong Kong, China. ACM Press, New York, 25--32. 10.1145\/355214.355218 Maeda, A., Sadat, F., Yoshikawa, M., and Uemura, S. 2000. Query term disambiguation for Web cross-language information retrieval using a search engine. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Information Retrieval with Asian Languages, Hong Kong, China. ACM Press, New York, 25--32. 10.1145\/355214.355218"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Mandala R.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Mandala , R. , Tokunaga , T. , and Tanaka , H . 1999. Combining multiple evidence from different types of thesaurus for query expansion . 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A., Ounis, I., and Ruthven, I. 2002. Building bilingual dictionaries from parallel web documents. In Proceedings of the 24th European Colloquium on Information Retrieval Research, Glasgow, Scotland. Springer-Verlag, New York. 303--323."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2003.09.003","article-title":"Mandarin-English Information (MEI): Investigating translingual speech retrieval","volume":"18","author":"Mend H.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mend , H. , Chef , B. , Kidnaper , S. , Levee , G. , Lo , W. , Oared , D. , Scone , P. , Tang , K. , Wang , H. , and Wang , J. 2004 . Mandarin-English Information (MEI): Investigating translingual speech retrieval . Computer Speech and Language 18 , 2, 163 -- 179 . Mend, H., Chef, B., Kidnaper, S., Levee, G., Lo, W., Oared, D., Scone, P., Tang, K., Wang, H., and Wang, J. 2004. Mandarin-English Information (MEI): Investigating translingual speech retrieval. 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F. 1980 . An algorithm for su&num;x stripping . Automated Library and Information Systems 14 , 3, 130 -- 137 . Porter, M. F. 1980. An algorithm for su&num;x stripping. Automated Library and Information Systems 14, 3, 130--137.","journal-title":"Automated Library and Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630270302","article-title":"Relevance weighting of search terms","volume":"27","author":"Robertson S.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Robertson , S. and Jones , K. S. 1976 . Relevance weighting of search terms . The American Society for Information Science 27 , 3, 129 -- 146 . Robertson, S. and Jones, K. S. 1976. Relevance weighting of search terms. 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C.","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Yang , C. C. and Li , K. W . 2002. Mining English\/Chinese Parallel documents from the world wide web . In Proceedings of the 11th International World Wide Web Conference , Honolulu, Hawaii. ACM Press, New York. 188--192. Yang, C. C. and Li, K. W. 2002. Mining English\/Chinese Parallel documents from the world wide web. In Proceedings of the 11th International World Wide Web Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii. ACM Press, New York. 188--192."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Australasian Document Computing Symposium. CSIRO ICT Centre","author":"Zhang Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Zhang , Y. and Vines , P . 2003. Improved Cross-Language Information Retrieval via Disambiguation and Vocabulary Discovery . In Proceedings of the 8th Australasian Document Computing Symposium. CSIRO ICT Centre , Canberra, Australia. 3--7. Zhang, Y. and Vines, P. 2003. Improved Cross-Language Information Retrieval via Disambiguation and Vocabulary Discovery. In Proceedings of the 8th Australasian Document Computing Symposium. CSIRO ICT Centre, Canberra, Australia. 3--7."},{"volume-title":"Working Notes of the Fourth NTCIR Workshop Meeting (NTCIR4). National Institute of Informatics","author":"Zhang Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Zhang , Y. and Vines , P . 2004a. RMIT Chinese--English CLIR at NTCIR-4 . In Working Notes of the Fourth NTCIR Workshop Meeting (NTCIR4). National Institute of Informatics , Tokyo, Japan. 60--64. Zhang, Y. and Vines, P. 2004a. RMIT Chinese--English CLIR at NTCIR-4. In Working Notes of the Fourth NTCIR Workshop Meeting (NTCIR4). National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan. 60--64."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Zhang Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Zhang , Y. and Vines , P . 2004b. Using the Web for Automated Translation Extraction in Cross-Language Information Retrieval . In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval , Sheffield, UK. ACM Press, New York, 162--169. 10.1145\/1008992.1009022 Zhang, Y. and Vines, P. 2004b. Using the Web for Automated Translation Extraction in Cross-Language Information Retrieval. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Sheffield, UK. 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