{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:29:11Z","timestamp":1779254951357,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGBED Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocean bottom sensor nodes can be used for oceanographic data collection, pollution monitoring, offshore exploration and tactical surveillance applications. Moreover, Unmanned or Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (UUVs, AUVs), equipped with sensors, will find application in exploration of natural undersea resources and gathering of scientific data in collaborative monitoring missions. Underwater acoustic networking is the enabling technology for these applications. Underwater Networks consist of a variable number of sensors and vehicles that are deployed to perform collaborative monitoring tasks over a given area.In this paper, several fundamental key aspects of underwater acoustic communications are investigated. Different architectures for two-dimensional and three-dimensional underwater sensor networks are discussed, and the underwater channel is characterized. The main challenges for the development of efficient networking solutions posed by the underwater environment are detailed at all layers of the protocol stack. Furthermore, open research issues are discussed and possible solution approaches are outlined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1121776.1121779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,17]],"date-time":"2007-01-17T18:32:02Z","timestamp":1169058722000},"page":"3-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":474,"title":["Challenges for efficient communication in underwater acoustic sensor networks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Ian F.","family":"Akyildiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadband &amp; Wireless Networking Laboratory, School of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Pompili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadband &amp; Wireless Networking Laboratory, School of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Melodia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadband &amp; Wireless Networking Laboratory, School of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"John Wiley and Sons","author":"Stojanovic M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"{1} M. 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Heidemann, and D. Estrin, \"An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks,\" in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2002, vol. 3, New York, NY, USA, June, pp. 1567-1576."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-8705(03)00043-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"PRC","author":"Melodia T.","year":"2004","unstructured":"{12} T. Melodia , D. Pompili , and I. F. Akyildiz , \" Optimal local topology knowledge for energy efficient geographical routing in sensor networks,\" in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2004, Hong Kong S.A.R ., PRC , March 2004 . {12} T. Melodia, D. Pompili, and I. F. 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