{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:49:02Z","timestamp":1790988542426,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]],"date-time":"2006-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Previous methods for soft shadows numerically integrate over many light directions at each receiver point, testing blocker visibility in each direction. We introduce a method for real-time soft shadows in dynamic scenes illuminated by large, low-frequency light sources where such integration is impractical. Our method operates on vectors representing low-frequency visibility of blockers in the spherical harmonic basis. Blocking geometry is modeled as a set of spheres; relatively few spheres capture the low-frequency blocking effect of complicated geometry. At each receiver point, we compute the product of visibility vectors for these blocker spheres as seen from the point. Instead of computing an expensive SH product per blocker as in previous work, we perform inexpensive vector sums to accumulate the\n                    <jats:italic>log<\/jats:italic>\n                    of blocker visibility. SH exponentiation then yields the product visibility vector over all blockers. We show how the SH exponentiation required can be approximated accurately and efficiently for low-order SH, accelerating previous CPU-based methods by a factor of 10 or more, depending on blocker complexity, and allowing real-time GPU implementation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,25]],"date-time":"2006-07-25T10:14:26Z","timestamp":1153822466000},"page":"977-986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Real-time soft shadows in dynamic scenes using spherical harmonic exponentiation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zhong","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Asia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Asia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter-Pike","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Corporation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hujun","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qunsheng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baining","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Asia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344954"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882300"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141947"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/966131.966132"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","unstructured":"Bunnell M. 2004. Dynamic ambient occlusion and indirect lighting. In GPU Gems 2: Programming Techniques for High-Performance Graphics and General-Purpose Computation. Addison-Weseley Professional 223--233.]]  Bunnell M. 2004. Dynamic ambient occlusion and indirect lighting. In GPU Gems 2: Programming Techniques for High-Performance Graphics and General-Purpose Computation. Addison-Weseley Professional 223--233.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015817"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/04061101X"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.466717"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882359"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the 13th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 291--296","author":"Kautz J.","unstructured":"Kautz , J. , Sloan , P. , and Snyder , J . 2002. Fast, arbitrary BRDF shading for low-frequency lighting using spherical harmonics . In Proc. of the 13th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 291--296 .]] Kautz, J., Sloan, P., and Snyder, J. 2002. Fast, arbitrary BRDF shading for low-frequency lighting using spherical harmonics. In Proc. of the 13th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 291--296.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Proc. of Eurographics Symposium on Rendering","author":"Kautz J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kautz , J. , Lehtinen , J. , and Aila , T . 2004. Hemispherical rasterization for self-shadowing of dynamic objects . In Proc. of Eurographics Symposium on Rendering 2004 , 179--184.]] Kautz, J., Lehtinen, J., and Aila, T. 2004. Hemispherical rasterization for self-shadowing of dynamic objects. 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