{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:33:22Z","timestamp":1774352002757,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]],"date-time":"2006-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Photorealistic rendering of rain streaks with lighting and viewpoint effects is a challenging problem. Raindrops undergo rapid shape distortions as they fall, a phenomenon referred to as oscillations. Due to these oscillations, the reflection of light by, and the refraction of light through, a falling raindrop produce complex brightness patterns within a single motion-blurred rain streak captured by a camera or observed by a human. The brightness pattern of a rain streak typically includes speckles, multiple smeared highlights and curved brightness contours. In this work, we propose a new model for rain streak appearance that captures the complex interactions between the lighting direction, the viewing direction and the oscillating shape of the drop. Our model builds upon a raindrop oscillation model that has been developed in atmospheric sciences. We have measured rain streak appearances under a wide range of lighting and viewing conditions and empirically determined the oscillation parameters that are dominant in raindrops. Using these parameters, we have rendered thousands of rain streaks to create a database that captures the variations in streak appearance with respect to lighting and viewing directions. We have developed an efficient image-based rendering algorithm that uses our streak database to add rain to a single image or a captured video with moving objects and sources. The rendering algorithm is very simple to use as it only requires a coarse depth map of the scene and the locations and properties of the light sources. We have rendered rain in a wide range of scenarios and the results show that our physically-based rain streak model greatly enhances the visual realism of rendered rain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,25]],"date-time":"2006-07-25T14:14:26Z","timestamp":1153836866000},"page":"996-1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Photorealistic rendering of rain streaks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kshitiz","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}]},{"given":"Shree K.","family":"Nayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1999)056<2673:LMOARF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Three Dimensional Computer Vision: A Geometric Viewpoint","author":"Faugeras O.","unstructured":"Faugeras , O. 1993. 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