{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T23:19:06Z","timestamp":1769815146814,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Large wall-sized displays are becoming prevalent. Although researchers have articulated qualitative benefits of group work on large displays, little work has been done to quantify the benefits for individual users. In this article we present four experiments comparing the performance of users working on a large projected wall display to that of users working on a standard desktop monitor. In these experiments, we held the visual angle constant by adjusting the viewing distance to each of the displays. Results from the first two experiments suggest that physically large displays, even when viewed at identical visual angles as smaller ones, help users perform better on mental rotation tasks. We show through the experiments how these results may be attributed, at least in part, to large displays immersing users within the problem space and biasing them into using more efficient cognitive strategies. In the latter two experiments, we extend these results, showing the presence of these effects with more complex tasks, such as 3D navigation and mental map formation and memory. Results further show that the effects of physical display size are independent of other factors that may induce immersion, such as interactivity and mental aids within the virtual environments. We conclude with a general discussion of the findings and possibilities for future work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1143518.1143521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,25]],"date-time":"2006-07-25T14:14:26Z","timestamp":1153836866000},"page":"71-99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Physically large displays improve performance on spatial tasks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Desney S.","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Gergle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Scupelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randy","family":"Pausch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI 2002 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 259--266","author":"Baudisch P.","unstructured":"Baudisch , P. , Good , N. , Belloti , V. , and Schraedley , P . 2002. Keeping things in context: A comparitive evaluation of focus plus context screens, overviews, and zooming . In Proceedings of the CHI 2002 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 259--266 . 10.1145\/503376.503423 Baudisch, P., Good, N., Belloti, V., and Schraedley, P. 2002. Keeping things in context: A comparitive evaluation of focus plus context screens, overviews, and zooming. In Proceedings of the CHI 2002 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 259--266. 10.1145\/503376.503423"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Booth K. Fisher B. Page S. Ware C. and Widen S. 2000. Wayfinding in a virtual environment. Graphics Interface 2000.  Booth K. Fisher B. Page S. Ware C. and Widen S. 2000. Wayfinding in a virtual environment. Graphics Interface 2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/38.799723"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"w","author":"Buxton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Buxton , w . 2001 . Less is more (More or less). In The Invisible Future: The Seamless Integration of Technology in Everyday Life. P. Denning, Ed. McGraw Hill : New York, NY, 145--179. Buxton, w. 2001. Less is more (More or less). In The Invisible Future: The Seamless Integration of Technology in Everyday Life. P. Denning, Ed. McGraw Hill: New York, NY, 145--179."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196395","article-title":"Comparing viewer and array mental rotations in different planes","volume":"29","author":"Carpenter M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carpenter , M. and Proffitt , D. 2001 . Comparing viewer and array mental rotations in different planes . Memory & Cognition 29 , 441 -- 448 . Carpenter, M. and Proffitt, D. 2001. Comparing viewer and array mental rotations in different planes. Memory & Cognition 29, 441--448.","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/001872086700900504","article-title":"Readability of dials at difference distances with constant viewing angle","volume":"9","author":"Chapanis A.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Chapanis , A. and Scarpa , L. C. 1967 . Readability of dials at difference distances with constant viewing angle . Human Factors 9 , 5, 419 -- 426 . Chapanis, A. and Scarpa, L. C. 1967. Readability of dials at difference distances with constant viewing angle. Human Factors 9, 5, 419--426.","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1049\/ir:19880100","article-title":"HDTV-putting you in the picture","volume":"34","author":"Childs I.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Childs , I. 1988 . HDTV-putting you in the picture . IEE Rev. 34 , 7, 261 -- 265 . Childs, I. 1988. HDTV-putting you in the picture. IEE Rev. 34, 7, 261--265.","journal-title":"IEE Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Chou P. Gruteser M. Lai J. Levas A. McFaddin S. Pinhanez C. Viveros M. Wong D. and Yoshihama S. 2001. BlueSpace: Creating a personalized and context-aware workspace. IBM Tech. Rep. RC22281.  Chou P. Gruteser M. Lai J. Levas A. McFaddin S. Pinhanez C. Viveros M. Wong D. and Yoshihama S. 2001. BlueSpace: Creating a personalized and context-aware workspace. IBM Tech. Rep. RC22281."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.2000.0389"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI 2002 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 195--202","author":"Czerwinski M.","unstructured":"Czerwinski , M. , Tan , D. S. , and Robertson , G. G . 2002. Women take a wider view . In Proceedings of the CHI 2002 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 195--202 . 10.1145\/503376.503412 Czerwinski, M., Tan, D. S., and Robertson, G. G. 2002. Women take a wider view. In Proceedings of the CHI 2002 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 195--202. 10.1145\/503376.503412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319609526140"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"304","article-title":"Big is better? Human factors issues of large screen displays with military command teams","volume":"2001","author":"Dudfield H. J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dudfield , H. J. , Macklin , C. , Fearnley , R. , Simpson , A. , and Hall , P. 2001 . Big is better? Human factors issues of large screen displays with military command teams . In Proceedings of People in Control 2001 , 304 -- 309 . Dudfield, H. J., Macklin, C., Fearnley, R., Simpson, A., and Hall, P. 2001. Big is better? Human factors issues of large screen displays with military command teams. In Proceedings of People in Control 2001, 304--309.","journal-title":"Proceedings of People in Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Ekstrom R. B. French J. W. Harman H. and Dermen D. 1976. Kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests. In Educational Testing Service: Princeton NJ.  Ekstrom R. B. French J. W. Harman H. and Dermen D. 1976. Kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests. In Educational Testing Service: Princeton NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI 1992 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 599--607","author":"Elrod S.","unstructured":"Elrod , S. , Bwee , R. , Gold , R. , Goldberg , D. , Halasz , F. , Janssen , W. , Lee , D. , McCau K. , Pedersen , E. , Pier , K. , Tang , J. , and Welch , B . 1992. Liveboard: A large interactive display supporting group meetings, presentations and remote collaboration . In Proceedings of the CHI 1992 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 599--607 . 10.1145\/142750.143052 Elrod, S., Bwee, R., Gold, R., Goldberg, D., Halasz, F., Janssen, W., Lee, D., McCau K., Pedersen, E., Pier, K., Tang, J., and Welch, B. 1992. Liveboard: A large interactive display supporting group meetings, presentations and remote collaboration. In Proceedings of the CHI 1992 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 599--607. 10.1145\/142750.143052"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Epic Games. Unreal Tournament. http:\/\/www.unrealtournament.com  Epic Games. Unreal Tournament. http:\/\/www.unrealtournament.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326969eco0202_1","article-title":"Control with an eye for perception: Precursors to an active psychophysics","volume":"2","author":"Flach J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Flach , J. 1990 . Control with an eye for perception: Precursors to an active psychophysics . Ecol. Psych. 2 , 83 -- 111 . Flach, J. 1990. Control with an eye for perception: Precursors to an active psychophysics. Ecol. Psych. 2, 83--111.","journal-title":"Ecol. Psych."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/h0032227","article-title":"Thurstone's primary mental abilities and structure-of-intellect abilities","volume":"77","author":"Guilford J. P.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Guilford , J. P. 1972 . Thurstone's primary mental abilities and structure-of-intellect abilities . Psyc. Bull. 77 , 2, 129 -- 143 . Guilford, J. P. 1972. Thurstone's primary mental abilities and structure-of-intellect abilities. Psyc. Bull. 77, 2, 129--143.","journal-title":"Psyc. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1037\/h0063610","article-title":"The Guilford-Zimmerman aptitude survey","volume":"32","author":"Guilford J. P.","year":"1948","unstructured":"Guilford , J. P. and Zimmerman , W. S. 1948 . The Guilford-Zimmerman aptitude survey . J. Appl. Psych. 32 , 24 -- 34 . Guilford, J. P. and Zimmerman, W. S. 1948. The Guilford-Zimmerman aptitude survey. J. Appl. Psych. 32, 24--34.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psych."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI 1997 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 234--241","author":"Ishii H.","unstructured":"Ishii , H. and Ullmer , B . 1997. Tangible bits: Towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms . In Proceedings of the CHI 1997 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 234--241 . 10.1145\/258549.258715 Ishii, H. and Ullmer, B. 1997. Tangible bits: Towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms. In Proceedings of the CHI 1997 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 234--241. 10.1145\/258549.258715"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Conference","author":"Lin J. J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lin , J. J. , Duh , H. B. L. , Parker , D. E. , Abi-Rached , H. , and Furness , T. A . 2002. Effects of field of view on presence, enjoyment, memory, and simulator sickness in a virtual environment . In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Conference 2002 , 164--171. Lin, J. J., Duh, H. B. L., Parker, D. E., Abi-Rached, H., and Furness, T. A. 2002. Effects of field of view on presence, enjoyment, memory, and simulator sickness in a virtual environment. In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Conference 2002, 164--171."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI 2000 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 478--485","author":"Patrick E.","year":"2040","unstructured":"Patrick , E. , Cosgrove , D. , Slavkovic , A. , Rode , J. A. , Vewatti , T. , and Chiselko , G . 2000. Using a large projection screen as an alternative to head-mounted displays for virtual environments . In Proceedings of the CHI 2000 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 478--485 . 10.1145\/33 2040 .332479 Patrick, E., Cosgrove, D., Slavkovic, A., Rode, J. A., Vewatti, T., and Chiselko, G. 2000. Using a large projection screen as an alternative to head-mounted displays for virtual environments. In Proceedings of the CHI 2000 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 478--485. 10.1145\/332040.332479"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.27.1.141","article-title":"Active control of locomotion facilitates nonvisual navigation","volume":"27","author":"Philbeck J. W.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Philbeck , J. W. , Klatzky , R. L. , Behrmann , M. , Loomis , J. M. , and Goodridge , J. 2001 . Active control of locomotion facilitates nonvisual navigation . J. Exper. Psych. Human Perception and Performance 27 , 141 -- 153 . Philbeck, J. W., Klatzky, R. L., Behrmann, M., Loomis, J. M., and Goodridge, J. 2001. Active control of locomotion facilitates nonvisual navigation. J. Exper. Psych. Human Perception and Performance 27, 141--153.","journal-title":"J. Exper. Psych. Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Prothero J. D. and Hoffman H. D. 1995. Widening the field of view increases the sense of presence within immersive virtual environments. Human Interface Technology Laboratory Tech. Rep. University of Washington Seattle WA R-95-4.  Prothero J. D. and Hoffman H. D. 1995. Widening the field of view increases the sense of presence within immersive virtual environments. Human Interface Technology Laboratory Tech. Rep. University of Washington Seattle WA R-95-4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1998 International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, 179--188","author":"Raskar R.","unstructured":"Raskar , R. , Wetch , G. , Cutts , M. , Lake , A. , Stesin , L. , and Fuchs , H . 1998. The office of the future: A unified approach to image-based modeling and spatially immersive displays . In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1998 International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, 179--188 . 10.1145\/280814.280861 Raskar, R., Wetch, G., Cutts, M., Lake, A., Stesin, L., and Fuchs, H. 1998. The office of the future: A unified approach to image-based modeling and spatially immersive displays. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1998 International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, 179--188. 10.1145\/280814.280861"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532785xmep0101_4","article-title":"The effects of screen size and message content on attention and arousal","volume":"1","author":"Reeves B.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reeves , B. , Lang , A. , Kim , E. Y. , and Tatar , D. 1999 . The effects of screen size and message content on attention and arousal . Media Psych. 1 , 1, 49 -- 67 . Reeves, B., Lang, A., Kim, E. Y., and Tatar, D. 1999. The effects of screen size and message content on attention and arousal. Media Psych. 1, 1, 49--67.","journal-title":"Media Psych."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.5.1.54","article-title":"The effects of maps on navigation and search strategies in very-large-scale virtual environments","volume":"5","author":"Ruddle R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ruddle , R. , Payne , S. , and Jones , D. 1999 . The effects of maps on navigation and search strategies in very-large-scale virtual environments . J. Exper. Psych. Applied , 5 , 54 -- 75 . Ruddle, R., Payne, S., and Jones, D. 1999. The effects of maps on navigation and search strategies in very-large-scale virtual environments. J. Exper. Psych. Applied, 5, 54--75.","journal-title":"J. Exper. Psych. Applied"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shepard R. N. and Metzler J. 1971. Mental rotations of three-dimensional objects. Science 171 3972 701--703.  Shepard R. N. and Metzler J. 1971. Mental rotations of three-dimensional objects. Science 171 3972 701--703.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3972.701"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference---Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, 90--96","author":"Slater M.","unstructured":"Slater , M. and Usoh , M . 1993. Presence in immersive virtual environments . In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference---Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, 90--96 . Slater, M. and Usoh, M. 1993. Presence in immersive virtual environments. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference---Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, 90--96."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI 1999 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 120--127","author":"Streitz N. A.","unstructured":"Streitz , N. A. , GeiBler , J. , Holmer , T. , Konomi , S. , M\u00fcller-Tomfelde , C. , Reischi , W. , Rexroth , P. , Seitz , P. , and Steinmetz , R . 1999. i-LAND: An interactive landscape for creativity and innovation . In Proceedings of the CHI 1999 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 120--127 . 10.1145\/302979.303010 Streitz, N. A., GeiBler, J., Holmer, T., Konomi, S., M\u00fcller-Tomfelde, C., Reischi, W., Rexroth, P., Seitz, P., and Steinmetz, R. 1999. i-LAND: An interactive landscape for creativity and innovation. In Proceedings of the CHI 1999 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 120--127. 10.1145\/302979.303010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207479","article-title":"Does the size of figures affect the rate of mental rotation","volume":"44","author":"Suzuki K.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Suzuki , K. and Nakata , Y. 1988 . Does the size of figures affect the rate of mental rotation ? Perception & Psychophysics 44 , 1, 76 -- 80 . Suzuki, K. and Nakata, Y. 1988. Does the size of figures affect the rate of mental rotation? Perception & Psychophysics 44, 1, 76--80.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/242388.242395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Exploiting the Cognitive and Social Benefits of Physically Large Dislpays (Doctoral Dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University, 2004)","volume":"65","author":"Tan D. S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tan , D. S. 2005 . Exploiting the Cognitive and Social Benefits of Physically Large Dislpays (Doctoral Dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University, 2004) . Dissertation Abstracts International 65 , 9 , 4681. Tan, D. S. 2005. Exploiting the Cognitive and Social Benefits of Physically Large Dislpays (Doctoral Dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University, 2004). Dissertation Abstracts International 65, 9, 4681.","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI 2003 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 217--224","author":"Tan D. S.","unstructured":"Tan , D. S. , Gergle , D. , Scupelli , P. , and Pausch , R . 2003. With similar visual angles, larger displays improve performance on spatial tasks . In Proceedings of the CHI 2003 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 217--224 . 10.1145\/642611.642650 Tan, D. S., Gergle, D., Scupelli, P., and Pausch, R. 2003. With similar visual angles, larger displays improve performance on spatial tasks. In Proceedings of the CHI 2003 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 217--224. 10.1145\/642611.642650"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 439--446","author":"Tan D. S.","unstructured":"Tan , D. S. , Gergle , D. , Scupelli , P. , and Pausch , R . 2004. Physically large displays improve path integration in 3D virtual navigation tasks . In Proceedings of the CHI 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 439--446 . 10.1145\/985692.985748 Tan, D. S., Gergle, D., Scupelli, P., and Pausch, R. 2004. Physically large displays improve path integration in 3D virtual navigation tasks. In Proceedings of the CHI 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 439--446. 10.1145\/985692.985748"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Workshop on Perceptive User Interfaces","author":"Tan D. S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tan , D. S. , Stefanucci , J. K. , Proffitt , D. R. , and Pausch , R . 2001. The Infocockpit: Providing location and place to aid human memory . Workshop on Perceptive User Interfaces 2001 . 10.1145\/971478.971526 Tan, D. S., Stefanucci, J. K., Proffitt, D. R., and Pausch, R. 2001. The Infocockpit: Providing location and place to aid human memory. Workshop on Perceptive User Interfaces 2001. 10.1145\/971478.971526"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI 1994 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 44--50","author":"Tani M.","year":"1916","unstructured":"Tani , M. , Masato , H. , Kimiya , Y. , Koichiro , T. , and Futakawa , M . 1994. Courtyard: Integrating shared overview on a large screen and per-user detail on individual screens . In Proceedings of the CHI 1994 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 44--50 . 10.1145\/ 1916 66.191690 Tani, M., Masato, H., Kimiya, Y., Koichiro, T., and Futakawa, M. 1994. Courtyard: Integrating shared overview on a large screen and per-user detail on individual screens. In Proceedings of the CHI 1994 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 44--50. 10.1145\/191666.191690"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(82)90019-6","article-title":"Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation","volume":"14","author":"Thorndyke P.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Thorndyke , P. and Hayes-Roth , B. 1982 . Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation . Cog. Psych. 14 , 560 -- 589 . Thorndyke, P. and Hayes-Roth, B. 1982. Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation. Cog. Psych. 14, 560--589.","journal-title":"Cog. Psych."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Thurstone L. L. and Thurstone T. G. 1941. Factorial studies of intelligence. Psychometric Monograph 2.  Thurstone L. L. and Thurstone T. G. 1941. Factorial studies of intelligence. Psychometric Monograph 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1348\/000712602162535","article-title":"Switching imagined viewpoints: The effects of viewing angle and layout size","volume":"93","author":"Tlauka M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tlauka , M. 2002 . Switching imagined viewpoints: The effects of viewing angle and layout size . Brit. J. Psych. 93 , 193 -- 201 . Tlauka, M. 2002. Switching imagined viewpoints: The effects of viewing angle and layout size. Brit. J. Psych. 93, 193--201.","journal-title":"Brit. J. Psych."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565631"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.26.1.151","article-title":"Updating displays after imagined object and viewer rotations","volume":"26","author":"Wraga M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wraga , M. , Creem , S. H. , and Proffitt , D. R. 2000 . Updating displays after imagined object and viewer rotations . J. Exper. Psych. Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 26 , 1, 151 -- 168 . Wraga, M., Creem, S. H., and Proffitt, D. R. 2000. Updating displays after imagined object and viewer rotations. J. Exper. Psych. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1, 151--168.","journal-title":"J. Exper. Psych. Learning, Memory, and Cognition"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1143518.1143521","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1143518.1143521","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T15:06:34Z","timestamp":1750259194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1143518.1143521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1143518.1143521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1143518.1143521","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-03-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}