{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T16:40:17Z","timestamp":1736613617850,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing importance of multilingual information retrieval and machine translation has made multilingual ontologies extremely valuable resources. Since the construction of an ontology from scratch is a very expensive and time-consuming undertaking, it is attractive to consider ways of automatically aligning monolingual ontologies, which already exist for many of the world's major languages. Previous research exploited similarity in the structure of the ontologies to align, or manually created bilingual resources. These approaches cannot be used to align ontologies with vastly different structures and can only be applied to much studied language pairs for which expensive resources are already available. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to align the ontologies at the node level: Given a concept represented by a particular word sense in one ontology, our task is to find the best corresponding word sense in the second language ontology. To this end, we present a language-independent, corpus-based method that borrows from techniques used in information retrieval and machine translation. We show its efficiency by applying it to two very different ontologies in very different languages: the Mandarin Chinese HowNet and the American English WordNet. Moreover, we propose a methodology to measure bilingual corpora comparability and show that our method is robust enough to use noisy nonparallel bilingual corpora efficiently, when clean parallel corpora are not available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1165255.1165256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,18]],"date-time":"2006-10-18T18:11:32Z","timestamp":1161195092000},"page":"89-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Aligning word senses using bilingual corpora"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Marine","family":"Carpuat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Ngai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Ontology Learning Workshop, ECAI","author":"Agirre E.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Agirre , E. , Ansa , O. , Hovy , E. , and Martinez , D . 2000. Enriching very large ontologies using the www . In Proceedings of the Ontology Learning Workshop, ECAI 2000 . Berlin, Germany. Agirre, E., Ansa, O., Hovy, E., and Martinez, D. 2000. Enriching very large ontologies using the www. In Proceedings of the Ontology Learning Workshop, ECAI 2000. Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Workshop on WordNet and Other Lexical Resources: Applications, Extensions and Customizations","author":"Asanoma H.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Asanoma , H. 2001 . Alignment of ontologies: Wordnet and goi-taikei . In Workshop on WordNet and Other Lexical Resources: Applications, Extensions and Customizations . Pittsburgh, PA. Asanoma, H. 2001. Alignment of ontologies: Wordnet and goi-taikei. In Workshop on WordNet and Other Lexical Resources: Applications, Extensions and Customizations. Pittsburgh, PA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker C. F. Fillmore C. J. and Lowe J. B. 1998. 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