{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T08:59:07Z","timestamp":1791017947107,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most people do not often read privacy policies because they tend to be long and difficult to understand. The Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P) addresses this problem by providing a standard machine-readable format for website privacy policies. P3P user agents can fetch P3P privacy policies automatically, compare them with a user's privacy preferences, and alert and advise the user. Developing user interfaces for P3P user agents is challenging for several reasons: privacy policies are complex, user privacy preferences are often complex and nuanced, users tend to have little experience articulating their privacy preferences, users are generally unfamiliar with much of the terminology used by privacy experts, users often do not understand the privacy-related consequences of their behavior, and users have differing expectations about the type and extent of privacy policy information they would like to see. We developed a P3P user agent called Privacy Bird. Our design was informed by privacy surveys and our previous experience with prototype P3P user agents. We describe our design approach, compare it with the approach used in other P3P use agents, evaluate our design, and make recommendations to designers of other privacy agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1165734.1165735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,18]],"date-time":"2006-10-18T18:11:32Z","timestamp":1161195092000},"page":"135-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["User interfaces for privacy agents"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lorrie Faith","family":"Cranor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Guduru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AT&amp;T Labs, Middletown, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjula","family":"Arjula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AT&amp;T Labs, Middletown, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (EC '99)","author":"Ackerman M. 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Adams, A. and Sasse, M. A. 2001. Privacy in multimedia communications: Protecting users, not just data. In People and Computers XV--Interaction Without Frontiers. Joint Proceedings of HCI2001 and ICM2001, A. Blandford, J. Vanderdonkt, and P. Gray, Eds. Springer-Verlag. 49--64."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape","author":"Agre P.","unstructured":"Agre , P. 1997. Introduction . In Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape , P. Agre and M. Rotenberg, Eds. MIT Press, Cambridge , MA , 1--28. Agre, P. 1997. Introduction. In Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape, P. Agre and M. Rotenberg, Eds. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1--28."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2002 Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET '02)","author":"Alsaid A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alsaid , A. and Martin , D . 2002. Detecting Web bugs with bugnosis: Privacy advocacy through education . In Proceedings of the 2002 Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET '02) . http:\/\/www.cs.uml.edu\/~dm\/pubs\/bugnosis-pet 2002 .ps. Alsaid, A. and Martin, D. 2002. Detecting Web bugs with bugnosis: Privacy advocacy through education. In Proceedings of the 2002 Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET '02). http:\/\/www.cs.uml.edu\/~dm\/pubs\/bugnosis-pet2002.ps."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape","author":"Bellotti V.","unstructured":"Bellotti , V. 1997. Design for privacy in multimedia computing and communications environments . In Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape , P. Agre and M. Rotenberg, Eds. MIT Press, Cambridge , MA , 63--98. Bellotti, V. 1997. Design for privacy in multimedia computing and communications environments. In Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape, P. Agre and M. Rotenberg, Eds. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 63--98."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berners-Lee T. Hendler J. and Lassila O. May 2001. The Semantic Web. Scientific American.  Berners-Lee T. Hendler J. and Lassila O. May 2001. The Semantic Web. Scientific American.","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0501-34"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape","author":"Burkert H.","unstructured":"Burkert , H. 1997. Privacy-enhancing technologies: Typology, critique, vision . In Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape , P. Agre and M. Rotenberg, Eds. MIT Press, Cambridge , MA. Burkert, H. 1997. Privacy-enhancing technologies: Typology, critique, vision. In Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape, P. Agre and M. Rotenberg, Eds. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Electronic Commerce (ICEC '03)","author":"Byers S.","unstructured":"Byers , S. , Cranor , L. F. , and Kormann , D . 2003. Automated analysis of P3P-abled Web sites . In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Electronic Commerce (ICEC '03) . Pittsburgh, PA (Sept.-Oct.). ACM Press, New York, NY, 326--338. DOI&equals; http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/948005.948048. 10.1145\/948005.948048 Byers, S., Cranor, L. F., and Kormann, D. 2003. Automated analysis of P3P-abled Web sites. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Electronic Commerce (ICEC '03). Pittsburgh, PA (Sept.-Oct.). ACM Press, New York, NY, 326--338. DOI&equals; http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/948005.948048. 10.1145\/948005.948048"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2004 Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET '04)","author":"Byers S","year":"2004","unstructured":"Byers S , Cranor , L. , Kormann , D. , and McDaniel P. 2004 . Searching for privacy: Design and implementation of a P3P-enabled search engine . In Proceedings of the 2004 Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET '04) . Toronto, Canada, (May). 10.1007\/11423409_20 Byers S, Cranor, L., Kormann, D., and McDaniel P. 2004. Searching for privacy: Design and implementation of a P3P-enabled search engine. In Proceedings of the 2004 Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET '04). Toronto, Canada, (May). 10.1007\/11423409_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Computers, Freedom and Privacy: Challenging the Assumptions (CFP '00)","author":"Catlett J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Catlett , J. 2000 . Open letter to P3P developers & replies . In Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Computers, Freedom and Privacy: Challenging the Assumptions (CFP '00) . Toronto, Canada (April). ACM Press, New York, NY, 157--164. DOI&equals; http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/332186.332276. 10.1145\/332186.332276 Catlett, J. 2000. Open letter to P3P developers & replies. In Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Computers, Freedom and Privacy: Challenging the Assumptions (CFP '00). Toronto, Canada (April). ACM Press, New York, NY, 157--164. DOI&equals; http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/332186.332276. 10.1145\/332186.332276"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Cranor L. F. 1999. Internet privacy. Comm. ACM 42 2 (Feb.) 28--38. DOI&equals; http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/293411.293440. 10.1145\/293411.293440   Cranor L. F. 1999. Internet privacy. Comm. ACM 42 2 (Feb.) 28--38. DOI&equals; http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/293411.293440. 10.1145\/293411.293440"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Cranor L. Web Privacy with P3P. O'Reilly & Associates Sebastopol CA.   Cranor L. Web Privacy with P3P. O'Reilly & Associates Sebastopol CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2002 ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES '02)","author":"Cranor L. F.","unstructured":"Cranor , L. F. , Arjula , M. , and Guduru , P . 2002a. Use of a P3P user agent by early adopters . In Proceedings of the 2002 ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES '02) . Washington, DC (Nov.). ACM Press, New York, NY, 1--10. DOI&equals; http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/644527.644528. 10.1145\/644527.644528 Cranor, L. F., Arjula, M., and Guduru, P. 2002a. Use of a P3P user agent by early adopters. In Proceedings of the 2002 ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES '02). Washington, DC (Nov.). ACM Press, New York, NY, 1--10. DOI&equals; http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/644527.644528. 10.1145\/644527.644528"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Cranor L. Langheinrich M. Marchiori M. Presler-Marshall M. and Reagle J. 2002b. The Platform for Privacy Preferences 1.0 (P3P1.0) Specification. World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation (April). http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/P3P\/.  Cranor L. Langheinrich M. Marchiori M. Presler-Marshall M. and Reagle J. 2002b. The Platform for Privacy Preferences 1.0 (P3P1.0) Specification. 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In Telephony the Internet and the Media J. K. MacKie-Mason and D. Waterman Eds. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Mahwah NJ. http:\/\/www.w3.org\/People\/Reagle\/articles\/tprc97\/tprc-f2m3.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"TPRC","author":"Cranor L.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cranor , L. and Reidenberg , J . 2002. Can user agents accurately represent privacy notices? TPRC 2002 . http:\/\/articles.ssrn.com\/sol3\/articles.cfm?abstractid=328860. Cranor, L. and Reidenberg, J. 2002. Can user agents accurately represent privacy notices? TPRC 2002. http:\/\/articles.ssrn.com\/sol3\/articles.cfm?abstractid=328860."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Cranor L. and Wenning R. 2002. Why P3P is a good tool for consumers and companies. GigaLaw.com. http:\/\/www.gigalaw.com\/articles\/2002\/cranor-2002-04.html.  Cranor L. and Wenning R. 2002. Why P3P is a good tool for consumers and companies. 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