{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T06:21:28Z","timestamp":1777962088213,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>I\/O consolidation is a growing trend in production environments due to increasing complexity in tuning and managing storage systems. A consequence of this trend is the need to serve multiple users and\/or workloads simultaneously. It is imperative to ensure that these users are insulated from each other by virtualization in order to meet any service-level objective (SLO). Previous proposals for performance virtualization suffer from one or more of the following drawbacks: (1) They rely on a fairly detailed performance model of the underlying storage system; (2) couple rate and latency allocation in a single scheduler, making them less flexible; or (3) may not always exploit the full bandwidth offered by the storage system.This article presents a two-level scheduling framework that can be built on top of an existing storage utility. This framework uses a low-level feedback-driven request scheduler, called AVATAR, that is intended to meet the latency bounds determined by the SLO. The load imposed on AVATAR is regulated by a high-level rate controller, called SARC, to insulate the users from each other. In addition, SARC is work-conserving and tries to fairly distribute any spare bandwidth in the storage system to the different users. This framework naturally decouples rate and latency allocation. Using extensive I\/O traces and a detailed storage simulator, we demonstrate that this two-level framework can simultaneously meet the latency and throughput requirements imposed by an SLO, without requiring extensive knowledge of the underlying storage system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1168910.1168913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,16]],"date-time":"2007-01-16T19:38:29Z","timestamp":1168976309000},"page":"283-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Storage performance virtualization via throughput and latency control"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jianyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Penn State University, University Park, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Sivasubramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Penn State University, University Park, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Penn State University, University Park, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alma","family":"Riska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seagate Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Riedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seagate Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/502912.502915"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on File and Storage Technology (FAST). 175--188","author":"Anderson E.","unstructured":"Anderson , E. , Hobbs , M. , Keeton , K. , Spence , S. , Uysal , M. , and Veitch , A . 2002. Hippodrome: Running circles around storage administration . In Proceedings of the Conference on File and Storage Technology (FAST). 175--188 . Anderson, E., Hobbs, M., Keeton, K., Spence, S., Uysal, M., and Veitch, A. 2002. Hippodrome: Running circles around storage administration. In Proceedings of the Conference on File and Storage Technology (FAST). 175--188."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"400","article-title":"Disk scheduling with quality of service guarantees","volume":"2","author":"Bruno J. L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bruno , J. L. , Brustoloni , J. C. , Gabber , E. , Ozden , B. , and Silberschatz , A. 1999 . Disk scheduling with quality of service guarantees . In ICMCS , Vol. 2. 400 -- 405 . Bruno, J. L., Brustoloni, J. C., Gabber, E., Ozden, B., and Silberschatz, A. 1999. Disk scheduling with quality of service guarantees. In ICMCS, Vol. 2. 400--405.","journal-title":"ICMCS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS).","author":"Chambliss D.","unstructured":"Chambliss , D. , Alvarez , G. , Pandey , P. , Jadav , D. , Xu , J. , Menon , R. , and Lee , T . 2003. Performance virtulization for large-scale storage systems . In Proceedings of the Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS). Chambliss, D., Alvarez, G., Pandey, P., Jadav, D., Xu, J., Menon, R., and Lee, T. 2003. Performance virtulization for large-scale storage systems. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Ganger G. Worthington B. and Patt Y. 2006. The DiskSim Simulation Environment Version 2.0 Reference Manual. http:\/\/www.pdl.cmu.edu\/DiskSim\/.  Ganger G. Worthington B. and Patt Y. 2006. The DiskSim Simulation Environment Version 2.0 Reference Manual. http:\/\/www.pdl.cmu.edu\/DiskSim\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS)","author":"Goyal P.","unstructured":"Goyal , P. , Jadav , D. , Modha , D. S. , and Tewari , R . 2003. CacheCOW: QoS for storage system caches . In Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS) , Monterey, CA. Goyal, P., Jadav, D., Modha, D. S., and Tewari, R. 2003. CacheCOW: QoS for storage system caches. In Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS), Monterey, CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1005686.1005692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1005686.1005694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS).","author":"Karlsson M.","unstructured":"Karlsson , M. , Karamanolis , C. , and Zhu , X . 2004. Triage: Performance isolation and differentiation for storage systems . In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS). Karlsson, M., Karamanolis, C., and Zhu, X. 2004. Triage: Performance isolation and differentiation for storage systems. In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.","author":"Ko B.-J.","unstructured":"Ko , B.-J. , Lee , K.-W. , Amiri , K. , and Calo , S . 2003. Scalable service differentiation in a shared storage cache . In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. Ko, B.-J., Lee, K.-W., Amiri, K., and Calo, S. 2003. Scalable service differentiation in a shared storage cache. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on File and Storage Technology (FAST). 89--102","author":"Lumb C.","unstructured":"Lumb , C. , Merchant , A. , and Alvarez , G . 2003. Facade: Virtual storage devices with performance guarantees . In Proceedings of the Conference on File and Storage Technology (FAST). 89--102 . Lumb, C., Merchant, A., and Alvarez, G. 2003. Facade: Virtual storage devices with performance guarantees. In Proceedings of the Conference on File and Storage Technology (FAST). 89--102."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/90.234856"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013437003242"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/277851.277906"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"The Openmail Trace. 2006. http:\/\/tesla.hpl.hp.com\/private_software\/.  The Openmail Trace. 2006. http:\/\/tesla.hpl.hp.com\/private_software\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunications Systems (MASCOTS).","author":"Uysal M.","unstructured":"Uysal , M. , Alvarez , G. A. , and Merchant , A . 2001. A modular, analytical throughput model for modern disk arrays . In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunications Systems (MASCOTS). Uysal, M., Alvarez, G. A., and Merchant, A. 2001. A modular, analytical throughput model for modern disk arrays. In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunications Systems (MASCOTS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1005686.1005743"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"WebSearch trace. 2006. http:\/\/traces.cs.umass.edu\/storage\/.  WebSearch trace. 2006. http:\/\/traces.cs.umass.edu\/storage\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/183018.183045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.469298"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Usenix Technical Conference.","author":"Zhou Y.","unstructured":"Zhou , Y. , Philbin , J. , and Li , K . 2001. The multi-queue replacement algorithm for second level buffer caches . In Proceedings of the Usenix Technical Conference. Zhou, Y., Philbin, J., and Li, K. 2001. The multi-queue replacement algorithm for second level buffer caches. In Proceedings of the Usenix Technical Conference."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Storage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1168910.1168913","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1168910.1168913","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T15:06:37Z","timestamp":1750259197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1168910.1168913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1168910.1168913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1168910.1168913","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-3077","1553-3093"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1553-3093","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}