{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T05:46:14Z","timestamp":1751348774615,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            State of the art data-driven speech and language processing systems require a large amount of human intervention ranging from data annotation to system prototyping. In the traditional\n            <jats:italic>supervised passive approach<\/jats:italic>\n            , the system is trained on a given number of annotated data samples and evaluated using a separate test set. Then more data is collected arbitrarily, annotated, and the whole cycle is repeated. In this article, we propose the\n            <jats:italic>active approach<\/jats:italic>\n            where the system itself selects its own training data, evaluates itself and re-trains when necessary. We first employ\n            <jats:italic>active learning<\/jats:italic>\n            which aims to automatically select the examples that are likely to be the most informative for a given task. We use active learning for both selecting the examples to label and the examples to re-label in order to correct labeling errors. Furthermore, the system automatically evaluates itself using\n            <jats:italic>active evaluation<\/jats:italic>\n            to keep track of the unexpected events and decides on-demand to label more examples. The active approach enables dynamic adaptation of spoken language processing systems to unseen or unexpected events for nonstationary input while reducing the manual annotation effort significantly. We have evaluated the active approach with the AT&amp;T spoken dialog system used for customer care applications. In this article, we present our results for both automatic speech recognition and spoken language understanding.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1177055.1177056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,16]],"date-time":"2007-01-16T19:38:29Z","timestamp":1168976309000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["An active approach to spoken language processing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Dilek","family":"Hakkani-T\u00fcr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AT&amp;T Labs---Research, Berkeley, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Riccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AT&amp;T Labs---Research, Povo di Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gokhan","family":"Tur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AT&amp;T Labs---Research, Menlo Park, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) and Very Large Corpora","author":"Abney S.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Abney , S. , Schapire , R. , and Singer , Y . 1999. Boosting applied to tagging and PP attachment . In Proceedings of the Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) and Very Large Corpora ( College Park, MD). ACM, New York. Abney, S., Schapire, R., and Singer, Y. 1999. Boosting applied to tagging and PP attachment. In Proceedings of the Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) and Very Large Corpora (College Park, MD). ACM, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022821128753"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.612","article-title":"Committee-based sample selection for probabilistic classifiers","volume":"11","author":"Argamon-Engelson S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Argamon-Engelson , S. and Dagan , I. 1999 . Committee-based sample selection for probabilistic classifiers . J. Artif. Intel. Res. 11 , 335 -- 360 . Argamon-Engelson, S. and Dagan, I. 1999. Committee-based sample selection for probabilistic classifiers. J. Artif. Intel. Res. 11, 335--360.","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intel. Res."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Bacchiani M.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Bacchiani , M. and Roark , B . 2003. Unsupervised language model adaptation . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) ( Hong Kong). Bacchiani, M. and Roark, B. 2003. Unsupervised language model adaptation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (Hong Kong)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL) (Edmonton, BC, Canada). 10","author":"Baldridge J.","year":"1917","unstructured":"Baldridge , J. and Osborne , M . 2003. Active learning for HPSG parse selection . In Proceedings of the Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL) (Edmonton, BC, Canada). 10 .3115\/11 1917 6.1119179 Baldridge, J. and Osborne, M. 2003. Active learning for HPSG parse selection. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL) (Edmonton, BC, Canada). 10.3115\/1119176.1119179"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (COLT)","author":"Blum A.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Blum , A. and Mitchell , T . 1998. Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (COLT) . Madison, WI. 10.1145\/279943.279962 Blum, A. and Mitchell, T. 1998. Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (COLT). Madison, WI. 10.1145\/279943.279962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022673506211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1109\/89.466659","article-title":"Speaker adaptation using constrained estimation of gaussian mixtures","volume":"3","author":"Digalakis V.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Digalakis , V. , Rtischev , D. , and Neumeyer , L. G. 1995 . Speaker adaptation using constrained estimation of gaussian mixtures . IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process. 3 , 5, 357 -- 366 . Digalakis, V., Rtischev, D., and Neumeyer, L. G. 1995. Speaker adaptation using constrained estimation of gaussian mixtures. IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process. 3, 5, 357--366.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)","author":"Eskin E.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eskin , E. 2000 . Detecting errors within a corpus using anomaly detection . In Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL) ( Seattle, WA). Eskin, E. 2000. Detecting errors within a corpus using anomaly detection. In Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL) (Seattle, WA)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP)","author":"Federico M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Federico , M. 1996 . Bayesian estimation methods for n-gram language model adaptation . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP) ( Philadelphia, PA). Federico, M. 1996. Bayesian estimation methods for n-gram language model adaptation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP) (Philadelphia, PA)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007330508534"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Ghani R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ghani , R. 2002 . Combining labeled and unlabeled data for multiclass text categorization . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) ( Sydney, Australia). Ghani, R. 2002. Combining labeled and unlabeled data for multiclass text categorization. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) (Sydney, Australia)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Godfrey J. J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Godfrey , J. J. , Holliman , E. C. , and McDaniel , J. 1990 . Switchboard: Telephone speech corpus for research and development . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) ( Albuquerque, NM). Godfrey, J. J., Holliman, E. C., and McDaniel, J. 1990. Switchboard: Telephone speech corpus for research and development. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (Albuquerque, NM)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2002.993771"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Gretter R.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Gretter , R. and Riccardi , G . 2001. On-line learning of language models with word error probability distributions . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) ( Salt Lake City, UT). Gretter, R. and Riccardi, G. 2001. On-line learning of language models with word error probability distributions. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (Salt Lake City, UT)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Hakkani-T\u00fcr D.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Hakkani-T\u00fcr , D. and Riccardi , G . 2003. A general algorithm for word graph matrix decomposition . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) ( Hong Kong). Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D. and Riccardi, G. 2003. A general algorithm for word graph matrix decomposition. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (Hong Kong)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Hakkani-T\u00fcr D.","key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Hakkani-T\u00fcr , D. , Riccardi , G. , and Gorin , A . 2002. Active learning for automatic speech recognition . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) ( Orlando, FL). Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D., Riccardi, G., and Gorin, A. 2002. Active learning for automatic speech recognition. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (Orlando, FL)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (Motreal, Ont., Canada).","author":"Hakkani-T\u00fcr D.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Hakkani-T\u00fcr , D. , Tur , G. , Rahim , M. , and Riccardi , G . 2004. Unsupervised and active learning in automatic speech recognition for call classification . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (Motreal, Ont., Canada). Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D., Tur, G., Rahim, M., and Riccardi, G. 2004. Unsupervised and active learning in automatic speech recognition for call classification. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (Motreal, Ont., Canada)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation","author":"Hendrickx I.","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Hendrickx , I. , van der Bosch , A. , Hoste , V. , and Daelemans , W . 2002. Dutch word sense disambiguation . In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation ( Philadelphia, PA). Hendrickx, I., van der Bosch, A., Hoste, V., and Daelemans, W. 2002. Dutch word sense disambiguation. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation (Philadelphia, PA)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"-W","author":"Huang X.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Huang , X. , Acero , A. , and Hon , H . -W . 2001 . Spoken Language Processing. Prentice-Hall , Upper Saddle River, NJ. Huang, X., Acero, A., and Hon, H.-W. 2001. Spoken Language Processing. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Iyer R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Iyer , R. , Gish , H. , and McCarthy , D. 2002 . Unsupervised training techniques for natural language call routing . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) ( Orlando, FL). Iyer, R., Gish, H., and McCarthy, D. 2002. Unsupervised training techniques for natural language call routing. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (Orlando, FL)."},{"volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition","author":"Jelinek F.","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Jelinek , F. 1997. Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition . MIT Press , Cambridge, MA . Jelinek, F. 1997. Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing","author":"Kearns M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kearns , M. 1993 . Efficient noise-tolerant learning from statistical queries . In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing ( San Diego, CA). ACM, New York. 10.1145\/167088.167200 Kearns, M. 1993. Efficient noise-tolerant learning from statistical queries. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (San Diego, CA). ACM, New York. 10.1145\/167088.167200"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP)","author":"Kuo J.","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Kuo , J. , Lee , C. , Zitouni , I. , Fosler-Lusser , E. , and Ammicht , E . 2002. Discriminative training for call classification and routing . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP) ( Denver, CO). Kuo, J., Lee, C., Zitouni, I., Fosler-Lusser, E., and Ammicht, E. 2002. Discriminative training for call classification and routing. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP) (Denver, CO)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.1995.0010","article-title":"Maximum likelihood linear regression for speaker adaptation of continuous density hidden markov models","volume":"9","author":"Leggetter C.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Leggetter , C. and Woodland , P. 1995 a. Maximum likelihood linear regression for speaker adaptation of continuous density hidden markov models . Comput. Speech Lang. 9 , 2, 171 -- 185 . Leggetter, C. and Woodland, P. 1995a. Maximum likelihood linear regression for speaker adaptation of continuous density hidden markov models. Comput. Speech Lang. 9, 2, 171--185.","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Lang."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of ARPA Spoken Language Technology Workshop","author":"Leggetter M.","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Leggetter , M. and Woodland , P . 1995b. Flexible speaker adaptation using maximum likelihood linear regression . In Proceedings of ARPA Spoken Language Technology Workshop ( Austin, TX). Leggetter, M. and Woodland, P. 1995b. Flexible speaker adaptation using maximum likelihood linear regression. In Proceedings of ARPA Spoken Language Technology Workshop (Austin, TX)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Lewis D. D.","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Lewis , D. D. and Catlett , J . 1994. Heterogeneous uncertainty sampling for supervised learning . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) ( New Brunswick, NJ). Lewis, D. D. and Catlett, J. 1994. Heterogeneous uncertainty sampling for supervised learning. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) (New Brunswick, NJ)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)","author":"Liere R.","key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Liere , R. and Tadepalli , P . 1997. Active learning with committees for text categorization . In Proceedings of the Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) ( Providence, RI). Liere, R. and Tadepalli, P. 1997. Active learning with committees for text categorization. In Proceedings of the Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) (Providence, RI)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"Building a large annotated corpus of English","volume":"19","author":"Marcus M. P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Marcus , M. P. , Santorini , B. , and Marcinkiewicz , M. A. 1993 . Building a large annotated corpus of English : The Penn Treebank. Computat. Ling. 19 , 313 -- 330 . Marcus, M. P., Santorini, B., and Marcinkiewicz, M. A. 1993. Building a large annotated corpus of English: The Penn Treebank. Computat. Ling. 19, 313--330.","journal-title":"The Penn Treebank. Computat. Ling."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"McCallum A. K.","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"McCallum , A. K. and Nigam , K . 1998. Employing EM and pool-based active learning for text classification . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) ( Madison, WI). McCallum, A. K. and Nigam, K. 1998. Employing EM and pool-based active learning for text classification. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) (Madison, WI)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the TMI (Japan).","author":"Murata M.","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Murata , M. , Utiyama , M. , Uchimoto , K. , Ma , Q. , and Isahara , H . 2002. Correction of errors in a modality corpus used for machine translation using machine-learning . In Proceedings of the TMI (Japan). Murata, M., Utiyama, M., Uchimoto, K., Ma, Q., and Isahara, H. 2002. Correction of errors in a modality corpus used for machine translation using machine-learning. In Proceedings of the TMI (Japan)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Muslea I.","key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Muslea , I. , Minton , S. , and Knoblock , C. A . 2002. Active &plus; semi-supervised learning &equals; robust multi-view learning . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) ( Sydney, Australia). Muslea, I., Minton, S., and Knoblock, C. A. 2002. Active &plus; semi-supervised learning &equals; robust multi-view learning. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) (Sydney, Australia)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP)","author":"Natarajan P.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Natarajan , P. , Prasad , R. , Suhm , B. , and McCarthy , D. 2002 . Speech enabled natural language call routing: BBN call director . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP) ( Denver, CO). Natarajan, P., Prasad, R., Suhm, B., and McCarthy, D. 2002. Speech enabled natural language call routing: BBN call director. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP) (Denver, CO)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) (McLean, VA). 10","author":"Nigam K.","key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Nigam , K. and Ghani , R . 2000. Analyzing the effectiveness and applicability of co-training . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) (McLean, VA). 10 .1145\/354756.354805 Nigam, K. and Ghani, R. 2000. Analyzing the effectiveness and applicability of co-training. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) (McLean, VA). 10.1145\/354756.354805"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nigam K. McCallum A. Thrun S. and Mitchell T. 2000. Text classification from labeled and unlabeled documents using EM. Mach. Lear. 39 2\/3 103--134. 10.1023\/A:1007692713085   Nigam K. McCallum A. Thrun S. and Mitchell T. 2000. Text classification from labeled and unlabeled documents using EM. Mach. Lear. 39 2\/3 103--134. 10.1023\/A:1007692713085","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007692713085"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the DARPA Workshop on Speech and Natural Language","author":"Price P. J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Price , P. J. 1990 . Evaluation of spoken language systems: The ATIS domain . In Proceedings of the DARPA Workshop on Speech and Natural Language ( Hidden Valley, PA). 10.3115\/116580.116612 Price, P. J. 1990. Evaluation of spoken language systems: The ATIS domain. In Proceedings of the DARPA Workshop on Speech and Natural Language (Hidden Valley, PA). 10.3115\/116580.116612"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Reuters. 2004. http:\/\/www.daviddlewis.com\/resources\/testcollections\/reuters21578.  Reuters. 2004. http:\/\/www.daviddlewis.com\/resources\/testcollections\/reuters21578."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/89.817449","article-title":"Stochastic language adaptation over time and state in a natural spoken dialog system","volume":"8","author":"Riccardi G.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Riccardi , G. and Gorin , A. L. 2000 . Stochastic language adaptation over time and state in a natural spoken dialog system . IEEE Trans. Speech and Audio Processing 8 , 1, 3 -- 9 . Riccardi, G. and Gorin, A. L. 2000. Stochastic language adaptation over time and state in a natural spoken dialog system. IEEE Trans. Speech and Audio Processing 8, 1, 3--9.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech and Audio Processing"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (EUROSPEECH)","author":"Riccardi G.","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Riccardi , G. and Hakkani-T\u00fcr , D . 2003. Active and unsupervised learning for automatic speech recognition . In Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (EUROSPEECH) ( Geneva, Switzerland). Riccardi, G. and Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D. 2003. Active and unsupervised learning for automatic speech recognition. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (EUROSPEECH) (Geneva, Switzerland)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1109\/TSA.2005.848882","article-title":"Active learning: Theory and applications to automatic speech recognition","volume":"13","author":"Riccardi G.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Riccardi , G. and Hakkani-T\u00fcr , D. 2005 . Active learning: Theory and applications to automatic speech recognition . IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process. 13 , 4, 504 -- 511 . Riccardi, G. and Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D. 2005. Active learning: Theory and applications to automatic speech recognition. IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process. 13, 4, 504--511.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)","author":"Sassano M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sassano , M. 2002 . An empirical study of active learning with support vector machines for Japanese word segmentation . In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) . Philadelphia, PA. 10.3115\/1073083.1073168 Sassano, M. 2002. An empirical study of active learning with support vector machines for Japanese word segmentation. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL). Philadelphia, PA. 10.3115\/1073083.1073168"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the MSRI Workshop on Nonlinear Estimation and Classification","author":"Schapire R. E.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schapire , R. E. 2001 . The boosting approach to machine learning: An overview . In Proceedings of the MSRI Workshop on Nonlinear Estimation and Classification ( Berkeley, CA). Schapire, R. E. 2001. The boosting approach to machine learning: An overview. In Proceedings of the MSRI Workshop on Nonlinear Estimation and Classification (Berkeley, CA)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007614523901"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007649029923"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Schohn G.","key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Schohn , G. and Cohn , D . 2000. Less is more: Active learning with support vector machines . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) ( Palo Alto, CA). Schohn, G. and Cohn, D. 2000. Less is more: Active learning with support vector machines. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) (Palo Alto, CA)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (COLT)","author":"Seung H. S.","key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Seung , H. S. , Opper , M. , and Sompolinsky , H . 1992. Query by committee . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (COLT) ( Pittsburgh, PA). 10.1145\/130385.130417 Seung, H. S., Opper, M., and Sompolinsky, H. 1992. Query by committee. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (COLT) (Pittsburgh, PA). 10.1145\/130385.130417"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)","author":"Tang M.","key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Tang , M. , Luo , X. , and Roukos , S . 2002. Active learning for statistical natural language parsing . In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) ( Philadelphia, PA). 10.3115\/1073083.1073105 Tang, M., Luo, X., and Roukos, S. 2002. Active learning for statistical natural language parsing. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) (Philadelphia, PA). 10.3115\/1073083.1073105"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Thompson C.","key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Thompson , C. , Califf , M. E. , and Mooney , R. J . 1999. Active learning for natural language parsing and information extraction . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) ( Bled, Slovenia). Thompson, C., Califf, M. E., and Mooney, R. J. 1999. Active learning for natural language parsing and information extraction. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) (Bled, Slovenia)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/153244302760185243"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (EUROSPEECH)","author":"Tur G.","key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Tur , G. and Hakkani-T\u00fcr , D . 2003. Exploiting unlabeled utterances for spoken language understanding . In Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (EUROSPEECH) ( Geneva, Switzerland). Tur, G. and Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D. 2003. Exploiting unlabeled utterances for spoken language understanding. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (EUROSPEECH) (Geneva, Switzerland)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2004.08.002","article-title":"Combining active and semi-supervised learning for spoken language understanding","volume":"45","author":"Tur G.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tur , G. , Hakkani-T\u00fcr , D. , and Schapire , R. E. 2005 . Combining active and semi-supervised learning for spoken language understanding . Speech Commun. 45 , 2, 171 -- 186 . Tur, G., Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D., and Schapire, R. E. 2005. Combining active and semi-supervised learning for spoken language understanding. Speech Commun. 45, 2, 171--186.","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (EUROSPEECH)","author":"Tur G.","key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Tur , G. , Rahim , M. , and Hakkani-T\u00fcr , D . 2003a. Active labeling for spoken language understanding . In Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (EUROSPEECH) ( Geneva, Switzerland). Tur, G., Rahim, M., and Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D. 2003a. Active labeling for spoken language understanding. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (EUROSPEECH) (Geneva, Switzerland)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Tur G.","key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Tur , G. , Schapire , R. E. , and Hakkani-T\u00fcr , D . 2003b. Active learning for spoken language understanding . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) ( Hong Kong). Tur, G., Schapire, R. E., and Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D. 2003b. Active learning for spoken language understanding. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (Hong Kong)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP)","author":"Tur G.","key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Tur , G. , Wright , J. , Gorin , A. , Riccardi , G. , and Hakkani-T\u00fcr , D . 2002. Improving spoken language understanding using word confusion networks . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP) ( Denver, CO). Tur, G., Wright, J., Gorin, A., Riccardi, G., and Hakkani-T\u00fcr, D. 2002. Improving spoken language understanding using word confusion networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP) (Denver, CO)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora","author":"van Halteren H.","year":"2000","unstructured":"van Halteren , H. 2000 . The detection of inconsistency in manually tagged text . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ( Luxembourg). van Halteren, H. 2000. The detection of inconsistency in manually tagged text. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora (Luxembourg)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Broadcast News Transcription and Understanding Workshop.","author":"Zavaliagkos G.","key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Zavaliagkos , G. and Colthurst , T . 1998. Utilizing untranscribed training data to improve performance . In Proceedings of the Broadcast News Transcription and Understanding Workshop. Zavaliagkos, G. and Colthurst, T. 1998. Utilizing untranscribed training data to improve performance. In Proceedings of the Broadcast News Transcription and Understanding Workshop."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1177055.1177056","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1177055.1177056","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:51:38Z","timestamp":1750258298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1177055.1177056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1177055.1177056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1177055.1177056","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4875","1550-4883"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-4875"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1550-4883"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-10-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}