{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T04:18:08Z","timestamp":1759033088734,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]],"date-time":"2005-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Educ. Resour. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In introductory computer science courses, the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is commonly used to teach basic object-oriented design. However, there appears to be a lack of suitable software to support this task. Many of the available programs that support UML focus on developing code and not on enhancing learning. Programs designed for educational use sometimes have poor interfaces or are missing common and important features such as multiple selection and undo\/redo. Hence the need for software that is tailored to an instructional environment and that has all the useful and needed functionality for that specific task. This is the purpose of minimUML. It provides a minimum amount of UML, just what is commonly used in beginning programming classes, and a simple, usable interface. In particular, minimUML is designed to support abstract design while supplying features for exploratory learning and error avoidance. It supports functionality that includes multiple selection, undo\/redo, flexible printing, cut and paste, and drag and drop. In addition, it allows for the annotation of diagrams, through text or free-form drawings, so students can receive feedback on their work. minimUML was developed with the goals of supporting ease of use, of supporting novice students, and of requiring no prior training for its use. This article presents the rationale behind the minimUML design, a description of the tool, and the results of usability evaluations and student feedback on the use of the tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1186639.1186640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,16]],"date-time":"2007-01-16T19:38:29Z","timestamp":1168976309000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["minimUML"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA"}]},{"given":"Manuel A.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Qui\u00f1ones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA"}]},{"given":"Stephen H.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eclipse Technology Exchange (eTX) Workshop at OOPSLA (to appear).]] 10","author":"Allowatt A.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Allowatt , A. and Edwards , S. H . 2005. IDE support for test-driven development and automated grading in both Java and C&plus;&plus; . In Proceedings of the Eclipse Technology Exchange (eTX) Workshop at OOPSLA (to appear).]] 10 .1145\/1117696.1117717 Allowatt, A. and Edwards, S. H. 2005. IDE support for test-driven development and automated grading in both Java and C&plus;&plus;. In Proceedings of the Eclipse Technology Exchange (eTX) Workshop at OOPSLA (to appear).]] 10.1145\/1117696.1117717"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alphonce C. and Martin B. 2005. Green: A customizable UML class diagram plug-in for eclipse (Poster presentation). Companion to the 20th Annual ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications (San Diego CA). ACM New York.]] 10.1145\/1094855.1094887   Alphonce C. and Martin B. 2005. Green: A customizable UML class diagram plug-in for eclipse (Poster presentation). Companion to the 20th Annual ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications (San Diego CA). ACM New York.]] 10.1145\/1094855.1094887","DOI":"10.1145\/1094855.1094917"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education","author":"Alphonce C.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Alphonce , C. and Ventura , P . 2002. Object orientation in CS1-CS2 by design . In Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education ( Aarhus, Denmark). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/544414.544437 Alphonce, C. and Ventura, P. 2002. Object orientation in CS1-CS2 by design. In Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (Aarhus, Denmark). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/544414.544437"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alphonce C. and Ventura P. 2003. QuickUML: A tool to support iterative design and code development. Companion to the 18th Annual ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications (Anaheim CA). ACM New York.]] 10.1145\/949344.949359   Alphonce C. and Ventura P. 2003. QuickUML: A tool to support iterative design and code development. Companion to the 18th Annual ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications (Anaheim CA). ACM New York.]] 10.1145\/949344.949359","DOI":"10.1145\/949344.949359"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Annual SIGCPR Conference.","author":"Anderson N.","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Anderson , N. and Shneiderman , B . 1977. Use of peer ratings in evaluating computer program quality . In Proceedings of the 15th Annual SIGCPR Conference. ( Arlington, VA). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/800100.803247 Anderson, N. and Shneiderman, B. 1977. Use of peer ratings in evaluating computer program quality. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual SIGCPR Conference. (Arlington, VA). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/800100.803247"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"ARGOUML. 2003. http:\/\/argouml.tigris.org\/.Version 0.14.]]  ARGOUML. 2003. http:\/\/argouml.tigris.org\/.Version 0.14.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Barnes D. J. and Kolling M. 2003. Objects First With Java: A Practical Introduction Using BlueJ. Pearson Education.]]   Barnes D. J. and Kolling M. 2003. Objects First With Java: A Practical Introduction Using BlueJ. Pearson Education.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31 SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","author":"Buck D.","year":"1817","unstructured":"Buck , D. and Stucki , D. J . 2000. Design early considered harmful: graduated exposure to complexity and structure based on levels of cognitive development . In Proceedings of the 31 SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education ( Austin, TX). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/330908.33 1817 Buck, D. and Stucki, D. J. 2000. Design early considered harmful: graduated exposure to complexity and structure based on levels of cognitive development. In Proceedings of the 31 SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Austin, TX). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/330908.331817"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Computer Documentation","author":"Carroll J. M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carroll , J. M. 1997 . Reconstructing minimalism . In Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Computer Documentation ( Salt Lake City, UT). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/263367.263373 Carroll, J. M. 1997. Reconstructing minimalism. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Computer Documentation (Salt Lake City, UT). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/263367.263373"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985072.985105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"DIA. 2003. http:\/\/www.gnome.org\/projects\/dia\/.Version 0.92.]]  DIA. 2003. http:\/\/www.gnome.org\/projects\/dia\/.Version 0.92.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1029994.1029995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Fowler M. and Scott K. 1997. UML Distilled: Applying the Standard Object Modeling Language. Addison-Wesley Reading MA.]]   Fowler M. and Scott K. 1997. UML Distilled: Applying the Standard Object Modeling Language. Addison-Wesley Reading MA.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32 SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","author":"Gehringer E. F.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gehringer , E. F. 2001 . Electronic peer review and peer grading in computer-science courses . In Proceedings of the 32 SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education ( Charlotte, NC). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/364447.364564 Gehringer, E. F. 2001. Electronic peer review and peer grading in computer-science courses. In Proceedings of the 32 SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Charlotte, NC). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/364447.364564"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"GREEN. 2005. http:\/\/green.sourceforge.net\/index.php. Version 2.4.0.]]  GREEN. 2005. http:\/\/green.sourceforge.net\/index.php. Version 2.4.0.]]"},{"volume-title":"Object Oriented Design & Patterns","author":"Horstmann C.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Horstmann , C. 2004. Object Oriented Design & Patterns . Wiley , New York .]] Horstmann, C. 2004. Object Oriented Design & Patterns. Wiley, New York.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Lee R. C. and Tepfenhart W. M. 2001. UML and C&plus;&plus;: A Practical Guide to Object-Oriented Development. Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs NJ.]]   Lee R. C. and Tepfenhart W. M. 2001. UML and C&plus;&plus;: A Practical Guide to Object-Oriented Development. Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs NJ.]]"},{"volume-title":"Practical Object-Oriented Development with UML and Java","author":"Lee R. C.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Lee , R. C. and. Tepfenhart , W. M. 2002. Practical Object-Oriented Development with UML and Java . Prentice Hall , Englewood Cliffs, NJ .]] Lee, R. C. and. Tepfenhart, W. M. 2002. Practical Object-Oriented Development with UML and Java. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Lewis J. and Chase J. 2004. Java Software Structures: Designing and Using Data Structures. Pearson Education.]]   Lewis J. and Chase J. 2004. Java Software Structures: Designing and Using Data Structures. Pearson Education.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Lewis J. and Chase J. 2005. Java Software Structures: Designing & Using Data Structures 2nd ed. Pearson Education.]]   Lewis J. and Chase J. 2005. Java Software Structures: Designing & Using Data Structures 2nd ed. Pearson Education.]]"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Empowering People.","author":"Nielsen J.","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Nielsen , J. and Molich , R . 1990. Heuristic evaluation of user interfaces . In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Empowering People. ( Seattle, WA). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/97243.97281 Nielsen, J. and Molich, R. 1990. Heuristic evaluation of user interfaces. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Empowering People. (Seattle, WA). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/97243.97281"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"QuickUML. 2003. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~alphonce\/QuickUML\/. Version 1.3.6.]]  QuickUML. 2003. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~alphonce\/QuickUML\/. Version 1.3.6.]]"},{"volume-title":"The Object of Data Abstraction and Structures using Java","author":"Riley D. D.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Riley , D. D. 2003. The Object of Data Abstraction and Structures using Java , Addison-Wesley , Reading, MA .]] Riley, D. D. 2003. The Object of Data Abstraction and Structures using Java, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th SIGCSE Symposium on Computer Science Education","author":"Sullivan S. L.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sullivan , S. L. 1994 . Reciprocal peer reviews . In Proceedings of the 25th SIGCSE Symposium on Computer Science Education ( Phoenix, AZ). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/ 191029.191158 Sullivan, S. L. 1994. Reciprocal peer reviews. In Proceedings of the 25th SIGCSE Symposium on Computer Science Education (Phoenix, AZ). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/191029.191158"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"UMLET. 2004. http:\/\/qse.ifs.tuwien.ac.at\/~auer\/umlet\/index.html. Version 1.8.]]  UMLET. 2004. http:\/\/qse.ifs.tuwien.ac.at\/~auer\/umlet\/index.html. Version 1.8.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"VIOLET. 2003. http:\/\/horstmann.com\/violet\/. Version 0.14.]]  VIOLET. 2003. http:\/\/horstmann.com\/violet\/. Version 0.14.]]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Annual SIGCSE\/SIGCUE ITiCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (Helsinki). ACM","author":"Zeller A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zeller , A. 2000 . Making students read and review code . In Proceedings of the 5th Annual SIGCSE\/SIGCUE ITiCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (Helsinki). ACM , New York.]] 10.1145\/343048.343090 Zeller, A. 2000. Making students read and review code. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual SIGCSE\/SIGCUE ITiCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (Helsinki). ACM, New York.]] 10.1145\/343048.343090"}],"container-title":["Journal on Educational Resources in Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1186639.1186640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1186639.1186640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:47:51Z","timestamp":1750258071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1186639.1186640"}},"subtitle":["A minimalist approach to UML diagramming for early computer science education"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1186639.1186640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1186639.1186640","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-4278","1531-4278"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1531-4278"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1531-4278"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-12-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}