{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:12:48Z","timestamp":1781194368367,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,26]],"date-time":"2006-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGCSE Bull."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional approaches to programming education, as exemplified by the typical CS1\/CS2 course sequence, have not taken advantage of the long record of psychological and experimental studies on the development of programming skills. These studies indicate a need for a new curricular strategy for developing programming skills and indicate that a cognitive approach would be a promising starting point. This paper first reviews the literature on studies of programming skills, cognition and learning, then within that context reports on a new formal structure, called an<jats:italic>anchor graph<\/jats:italic>, that supports curricular design and facilitates the setting of measurable milestones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1189136.1189185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,17]],"date-time":"2007-01-17T18:32:02Z","timestamp":1169058722000},"page":"182-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A cognitive approach to identifying measurable milestones for programming skill acquisition"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jerry","family":"Mead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Wooster, Wooster, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins College, Winter Park, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Sorva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline St.","family":"Clair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Central College, Naperville, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynda","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1113034.1113040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Educational psychology","author":"Ausubel David","year":"1968","unstructured":"David Ausubel . 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