{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T05:24:06Z","timestamp":1783747446378,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The vector space model (VSM) is one of the most widely used information retrieval (IR) models in both academia and industry. It was less effective at the Chinese ad hoc retrieval tasks than other retrieval models in the NTCIR-3 evaluation workshop, but comparable to those in the NTCIR-4 and NTCIR-5 workshops. We do not know whether the lower level performance was due to the VSM's inherent deficiencies or to a less effective normalization of document length. Hence we evaluated the VSM with various pivoted normalizations of document length using the NTCIR-3 collection for confirmation. We found that VSM's retrieval effectiveness with pivoted normalization was comparable to other competitive retrieval models (for example, 2-Poisson), and that VSM's retrieval speed with pivoted normalization was similar to competitive retrieval models (2-Poisson). We proposed a novel adaptive scheme that automatically estimates the (near) best parameters for pivoted document-length normalization based on query size; the new normalization is called\n            <jats:italic>adaptive pivoted document-length normalization<\/jats:italic>\n            . This scheme achieved good retrieval effectiveness, sometimes for short (title) queries and sometimes for long queries, without manually adjusting parameter values. We found that unique, adaptive pivoted normalization can enhance fixed pivoted normalizations for different test collections (TREC-5 and TREC-6). We also evaluated the VSM with the adaptive pivoted normalization using the pseudo-relevance feedback (PRF) and found that this type of VSM performs similarly to the competitive retrieval models (2-Poisson) with PRF. Hence, we conclude that the VSM with unique (adaptive) pivoted document-length normalization is effective for Chinese IR and that its retrieval effectiveness is comparable to that of other competitive retrieval models with or without PRF for the reference test collections used in this evaluation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1194936.1194941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,16]],"date-time":"2007-01-16T19:38:29Z","timestamp":1168976309000},"page":"245-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Adapting pivoted document-length normalization for query size"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Tze Leung","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Wing Pong","family":"Luk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kam Fai","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kui Lam","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queens College, City University of New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dik Lun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Abdou S. and Savoy J. 2005. Report on CLIR task for the NTCIR-5 evaluation campaign. In Proceedings of the Fifth NTCIR Workshop Meeting on Evaluation of Information Access Technologies: Information Retrieval Question Answering and Cross-Lingual Information Access (National Center of Sciences Tokyo Dec.) N. Kando and M. Takaku eds. Nihon Printing Tokyo 44--51.  Abdou S. and Savoy J. 2005. Report on CLIR task for the NTCIR-5 evaluation campaign. In Proceedings of the Fifth NTCIR Workshop Meeting on Evaluation of Information Access Technologies: Information Retrieval Question Answering and Cross-Lingual Information Access (National Center of Sciences Tokyo Dec.) N. Kando and M. Takaku eds. Nihon Printing Tokyo 44--51."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth Text Retrieval Conference","author":"Allan J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Ballesteros L."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the TREC-5 Conference","author":"Buckley C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Chowdhury A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Text Retrieval Conference","author":"Cooper W.S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th Annual ACM Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Iwayama M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third NTCIR Workshop on Research in Information Retrieval, Automatic Text Summarization and Question Answering (National Center of Sciences","author":"Juang D-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"NTCIR Workshop: Japanese- and Chinese-English Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval and Multi-Grade Relevance Judgments","author":"Kando N.","year":"2069"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"On methods of Chinese automatic word segmentation","volume":"3","author":"Kit C.","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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Frei et al., eds., ACM Press","author":"Singhal A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with Asian Languages (Taipei, Nov.), 118--125","author":"Vines P."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Voorhees E.M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth Text Retrieval Conference","author":"Voorhees E.M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third NTCIR Workshop on Research in Information Retrieval, Automatic Text Summarization and Question Answering (National Center of Sciences","author":"Yang Y."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third NTCIR Workshop on Research in Information Retrieval, Automatic Text Summarization and Question Answering (National Center of Sciences","author":"Zhang J."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1194936.1194941","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T21:42:32Z","timestamp":1672263752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1194936.1194941"}},"subtitle":["Experiments in Chinese and English"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1194936.1194941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1194936.1194941","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-0226","1558-3430"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-0226","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-3430","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-09-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}