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We evaluate various fundamental circuits: the wire, the inverter, the majority gate, and the two-wire crossing approaches: the coplanar crossover and the multilayer crossover. Our results show that different building blocks have different displacement tolerances. The coplanar crossover and inverter perform the weakest. The wire is the most robust. We have found displacement tolerances to be a function of circuit layout and geometry rather than cell size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1229175.1229177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,6]],"date-time":"2007-06-06T14:37:11Z","timestamp":1181140631000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Simulation of random cell displacements in QCA"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Schulhof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary, Canada"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Walus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}]},{"given":"Graham A.","family":"Jullien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Blair E. P. 2003. Tools for the design and simulation of clocked molecular quantum-dot cellular automata circuits. Tech. rep. University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN.  Blair E. P. 2003. Tools for the design and simulation of clocked molecular quantum-dot cellular automata circuits. Tech. rep. University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"An alternative geometry for quantum-dot cellular automata","volume":"85","author":"Gin A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE '06)","author":"Gupta P."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems.","author":"Huang J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imre A. Csaba G. Ji L. Orlov A. Bernstein G. H. and Porod W. 2006. Majority logic gate for magnetic quantum-dot cellular automata. Science 311 5758 205--208.  Imre A. Csaba G. Ji L. Orlov A. Bernstein G. H. and Porod W. 2006. Majority logic gate for magnetic quantum-dot cellular automata. Science 311 5758 205--208.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1120506"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7522","DOI":"10.1021\/ja035077c","article-title":"Building blocks for the molecular expression of quantum cellular automata. isolation and characterization of a covalently bonded square array of two ferrocenium and two ferrocene complexes","volume":"125","author":"Jiao J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/4\/1\/004","article-title":"Quantum cellular automata","volume":"4","author":"Lent C. 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Kummamuru R. K. Ramasubramaniam R. Lent C. S. Berstein G. H. and Snider G. L. 2003. Clocked quantum-dot cellular automata shift register. Surf. Sci. 532--535 1193--1198.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6028(03)00214-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2004.834169"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE VLSI Test Symposium","author":"Tahoori M. B."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1421217","article-title":"Power gain and dissipation in quantum-dot cellular automata","volume":"91","author":"Timler J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1581350","article-title":"Maxwell's demon and quantum-dot cellular automata","volume":"94","author":"Timler J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"T\u00f3th G. 2000. Correlation and coherence in quantum-dot cellular automata. Ph.D. thesis University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556.  T\u00f3th G. 2000. Correlation and coherence in quantum-dot cellular automata. Ph.D. thesis University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1063\/1.363455","article-title":"Dynamic behavior of quantum cellular automata","volume":"80","author":"Tougaw P. D.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2006.875791","article-title":"Design tools for an emerging soc technology: quantum-dot cellular automata","volume":"94","author":"Walus K.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Application Specific Architectures, and Processors Conference. 288--293","author":"Walus K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Walus K. and Schulhof G. 2001. QCADesigner Homepage. http:\/\/www.qcadesigner.ca\/.  Walus K. and Schulhof G. 2001. 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