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In particular, there is a large transitional region in wireless link quality that is characterized by significant levels of unreliability and asymmetry, significantly impacting the performance of higher-layer protocols. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the root causes of unreliability and asymmetry. In particular, we derive expressions for the distribution, expectation, and variance of the packet reception rate as a function of distance, as well as for the location and extent of the transitional region. These expressions incorporate important environmental and radio parameters such as the path loss exponent and shadowing variance of the channel, and the modulation, encoding, and hardware variance of the radios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1240226.1240227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,14]],"date-time":"2007-09-14T13:44:55Z","timestamp":1189777495000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["An analysis of unreliability and asymmetry in low-power wireless links"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Marco Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","family":"Zamalloa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}]},{"given":"Bhaskar","family":"Krishnamachari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-005-3513-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"SCALE: A tool for simple connectivity assessment in lossy environments. 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