{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T14:06:40Z","timestamp":1772201200743,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":66,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,29]],"date-time":"2007-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1177804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,29]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240626","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,6]],"date-time":"2007-06-06T14:37:31Z","timestamp":1181140651000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["A meta-analysis of the impact of the inclusion and realism of human-like faces on user experiences in interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Nick","family":"Yee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA"}]},{"given":"Jeremy N","family":"Bailenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Rickertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601753272844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","first-page":"313","volume":"200","author":"Bailenson J.","unstructured":"Bailenson , J. , Beall , A. , and Blasovich , J. , Gaze and Task Performance in Shared Virtual Environments. The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation , 200 2. 13: p. 313 -- 320 . Bailenson, J., Beall, A., and Blasovich, J., Gaze and Task Performance in Shared Virtual Environments. The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, 2002. 13: p. 313--320.","journal-title":"Computer Animation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","first-page":"1","volume":"200","author":"Bailenson J.","unstructured":"Bailenson , J. , Blasovich , J. , Beall , A. , and Loomis , J. , Interpersonal Distance in Immersive Virtual Environments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 200 3. 29: p. 1 -- 15 . Bailenson, J., Blasovich, J., Beall, A., and Loomis, J., Interpersonal Distance in Immersive Virtual Environments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2003. 29: p. 1--15.","journal-title":"Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474605774785235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.15.6.699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011811315582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","first-page":"151","volume":"200","author":"Bente G.","unstructured":"Bente , G. , Kramer , N. , Petersen , A. , and Ruiter , J. , Computer Animated Movement and Person Perception: Methodological Advances in Nonverbal Behavior Research. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 200 1. 25(3): p. 151 -- 166 . Bente, G., Kramer, N., Petersen, A., and Ruiter, J., Computer Animated Movement and Person Perception: Methodological Advances in Nonverbal Behavior Research. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 2001. 25(3): p. 151--166.","journal-title":"Nonverbal Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39396-2_52"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","first-page":"103","volume":"200","author":"Blascovich J.","unstructured":"Blascovich , J. , Loomis , J. , Beall , A. , Swinth , K. , Hoyt , C. , and Bailenson , J. , Immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology. Psychological Inquiry , 200 2. 13: p. 103 -- 124 . Blascovich, J., Loomis, J., Beall, A., Swinth, K., Hoyt, C., and Bailenson, J., Immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 2002. 13: p. 103--124.","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/320297.320324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/874068.875957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00029-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/371552.371554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","first-page":"75","volume":"200","author":"Cassell J.","unstructured":"Cassell , J. , Towards a Model of Technology and Literacy Development: Story Listening Systems. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 200 4. 25: p. 75 -- 105 . Cassell, J., Towards a Model of Technology and Literacy Development: Story Listening Systems. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2004. 25: p. 75--105.","journal-title":"Applied Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","first-page":"1386","volume":"200","author":"Chan F.Y.","unstructured":"Chan , F.Y. and Khalid , H.M. , Is Talking to an Automated Teller Machine Natural and Fun? Egronomics , 200 3. 46: p. 1386 -- 1407 . Chan, F.Y. and Khalid, H.M., Is Talking to an Automated Teller Machine Natural and Fun? Egronomics, 2003. 46: p. 1386--1407.","journal-title":"Egronomics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"Increasing the Credibility of Anthropomorphic Computer Characters: The Effects of Manipulating Nonverbal Interaction Style and Demographic Emodiment","author":"Cowell A.J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cowell , A.J. , Increasing the Credibility of Anthropomorphic Computer Characters: The Effects of Manipulating Nonverbal Interaction Style and Demographic Emodiment . 2001 , University of Central Florida : Orlando, Florida . Cowell, A.J., Increasing the Credibility of Anthropomorphic Computer Characters: The Effects of Manipulating Nonverbal Interaction Style and Demographic Emodiment. 2001, University of Central Florida: Orlando, Florida."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"The Autonomous Agents and Multi--Agent Systems.","author":"Fabri M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fabri , M. , Moore , D. , and Hobbs , D . Expressive Agents: Non-Verbal Communication in Collaborative Virtual Environments . in The Autonomous Agents and Multi--Agent Systems. 2002 . Bologna , Italy . Fabri, M., Moore, D., and Hobbs, D. Expressive Agents: Non-Verbal Communication in Collaborative Virtual Environments. in The Autonomous Agents and Multi--Agent Systems. 2002. Bologna, Italy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","first-page":"393","volume":"200","author":"Gerhard M.","unstructured":"Gerhard , M. , Moore , D. , and Hobbs , D. , Close Encounters of the Virtual Kind : Agents Simulating Copresence. Applied Artifical Intelligence , 200 5. 19: p. 393 -- 412 . Gerhard, M., Moore, D., and Hobbs, D., Close Encounters of the Virtual Kind: Agents Simulating Copresence. Applied Artifical Intelligence, 2005. 19: p. 393--412.","journal-title":"Agents Simulating Copresence. Applied Artifical Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"Guadagno R. Blascovich J. Bailenson J. and McCall C. Virtual Humans and Persuasion: The Effects of Agency and Behavioral Realism. Media Psychology in press.  Guadagno R. Blascovich J. Bailenson J. and McCall C. Virtual Humans and Persuasion: The Effects of Agency and Behavioral Realism. Media Psychology in press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","first-page":"405","volume":"200","author":"Gulz A.","unstructured":"Gulz , A. , Social Enrichment by Virtual Characters -- Differential Benefits. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning , 200 5. 21: p. 405 -- 418 . Gulz, A., Social Enrichment by Virtual Characters -- Differential Benefits. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2005. 21: p. 405--418.","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222220302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Human--Computer Interaction -- INTERACT.","author":"Hongpaisanwiwat C.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hongpaisanwiwat , C. and Lewis , M . Attentional Effect of Animated Character . in Human--Computer Interaction -- INTERACT. 2003 . Zurich, Switzerland : IOS Press . Hongpaisanwiwat, C. and Lewis, M. Attentional Effect of Animated Character. in Human--Computer Interaction -- INTERACT. 2003. Zurich, Switzerland: IOS Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1216435.1216441"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","first-page":"47","volume":"199","author":"Kiesler S.","unstructured":"Kiesler , S. , Waters , K. , and Sproull , L., A Prisoner's Dilemma Experiment on Cooperation with People and Human--Like Computers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 199 6. 70: p. 47 -- 65 . Kiesler, S., Waters, K., and Sproull, L., A Prisoner's Dilemma Experiment on Cooperation with People and Human--Like Computers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996. 70: p. 47--65.","journal-title":"Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Human--Computer Interaction.","author":"Koda T.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Koda , T. and Maes , P . Agents with Faces: The Effect of Personification of Agents . in Human--Computer Interaction. 1996 . London , UK. Koda, T. and Maes, P. Agents with Faces: The Effect of Personification of Agents. in Human--Computer Interaction. 1996. London, UK."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"User Reactions to Anthropmorphized Interfaces. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems","author":"Koda T.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koda , T. , User Reactions to Anthropmorphized Interfaces. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems , 2003 . E86--D: p. 1369--1377. Koda, T., User Reactions to Anthropmorphized Interfaces. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, 2003. E86--D: p. 1369--1377."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11550617_37"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","first-page":"349","volume":"200","author":"Lee E.","unstructured":"Lee , E. and Nass , C. , Experimental Tests of Normative Group Influence and Representation Effects in Computer-Mediated Communication: When Interacting Via Computers Differs from Interacting with Computers. Human Computer Research , 200 2. 28(3): p. 349 -- 381 . Lee, E. and Nass, C., Experimental Tests of Normative Group Influence and Representation Effects in Computer-Mediated Communication: When Interacting Via Computers Differs from Interacting with Computers. Human Computer Research, 2002. 28(3): p. 349--381.","journal-title":"Computers. Human Computer Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1095034.1095073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.952714"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.952714"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Cognition and Instruction","author":"Moreno R.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moreno , R. , Mayer , R. , Spires , H. , and Lester , J ., The case for social agency in computer-based teaching: Do students learn more deeply when they interact with animated pedagogical agents? . Cognition and Instruction , 2001 . 19: p. 177 -- 213 . Moreno, R., Mayer, R., Spires, H., and Lester, J., The case for social agency in computer-based teaching: Do students learn more deeply when they interact with animated pedagogical agents?. Cognition and Instruction, 2001. 19: p. 177--213."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Cognition and Instruction","author":"Moreno R.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moreno , R. , Mayer , R. , Spires , H. , and Lester , J ., The Case for Social Agency in Computer-Based Teaching: Do Students Learn More Deeply When They Interact With Animated Pedogogical Agents ? Cognition and Instruction , 2001 . 19(2): p. 177 -- 213 . Moreno, R., Mayer, R., Spires, H., and Lester, J., The Case for Social Agency in Computer-Based Teaching: Do Students Learn More Deeply When They Interact With Animated Pedogogical Agents? Cognition and Instruction, 2001. 19(2): p. 177--213."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","first-page":"33","volume":"197","author":"Mori M.","unstructured":"Mori , M. , The Uncanny Valley. Energy , 197 0. 7: p. 33 -- 35 . Mori, M., The Uncanny Valley. Energy, 1970. 7: p. 33--35.","journal-title":"The Uncanny Valley. Energy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"Handbook of social psychology","author":"Mosteller F.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Mosteller , F. and Bush , R. , Selected quantitative techniques , in Handbook of social psychology : Vol. 1 . Theory and method, G. Lindzey, Editor. 1954 , Addison-Wesley : Cambridge, MA. p. 289--334. Mosteller, F. and Bush, R., Selected quantitative techniques, in Handbook of social psychology: Vol. 1. Theory and method, G. Lindzey, Editor. 1954, Addison-Wesley: Cambridge, MA. p. 289--334."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","first-page":"253","volume":"200","author":"Moundridou M.","unstructured":"Moundridou , M. and Virvou , M. , Evaluating the Persona Effect of an Interface Agent in an Intelligent Tutoring System. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning , 200 2. 18(3): p. 253 -- 261 . Moundridou, M. and Virvou, M., Evaluating the Persona Effect of an Interface Agent in an Intelligent Tutoring System. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2002. 18(3): p. 253--261.","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITI.2002.1024673"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","first-page":"1093","volume":"199","author":"Nass C.","unstructured":"Nass , C. , Moon , Y. , and Carney , P. , Are respondents polite to computers? Social desirability and direct responses to computers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 199 9. 29: p. 1093 -- 1110 . Nass, C., Moon, Y., and Carney, P., Are respondents polite to computers? Social desirability and direct responses to computers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1999. 29: p. 1093--1110.","journal-title":"Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2006.tb00308.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction.","author":"Okonkwo C.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Okonkwo , C. and Vassileva , J . Affective Pedagogical Agents and User Presuasion . in Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. 2001 . New Orleans , USA. Okonkwo, C. and Vassileva, J. Affective Pedagogical Agents and User Presuasion. in Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. 2001. New Orleans, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985921.986012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1088463.1088484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958432.958478"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/332040.332406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"Meta-analytic procedures for social research","author":"Rosenthal R.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rosenthal , R. , Meta-analytic procedures for social research . 1984 , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications . Rosenthal, R., Meta-analytic procedures for social research. 1984, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","first-page":"59","volume":"200","author":"Rosenthal R.","unstructured":"Rosenthal , R. and DiMatteo , M. , Meta-Analysis : Recent Developments in Quantitative Methods in Literature Reviews. Annual Review of Psychology , 200 1. 52: p. 59 -- 82 . Rosenthal, R. and DiMatteo, M., Meta-Analysis: Recent Developments in Quantitative Methods in Literature Reviews. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001. 52: p. 59--82.","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","first-page":"217","volume":"200","author":"Schaumburg H.","unstructured":"Schaumburg , H. , Computers as Tools or as Social Actors? -- The Users' Perspective on Anthropomorphic Agents. International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems , 200 1. 10: p. 217 -- 234 . Schaumburg, H., Computers as Tools or as Social Actors? -- The Users' Perspective on Anthropomorphic Agents. International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems, 2001. 10: p. 217--234.","journal-title":"Cooperative Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/1054746041944849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci1102_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1167629.1167639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223904.223965"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1160633.1160807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/646685.702784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/647944.741893"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2006.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/587078.587085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191666.191708"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191666.191708"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_61_1","first-page":"460","volume":"199","author":"Walther J.","unstructured":"Walther , J. , Anderson , J. , and Park , D. , Inpersonal effects in computer-mediated interactions: A meta-analysis of social and antisocial communication. Communication Research , 199 4. 21: p. 460 -- 487 . Walther, J., Anderson, J., and Park, D., Inpersonal effects in computer-mediated interactions: A meta-analysis of social and antisocial communication. Communication Research, 1994. 21: p. 460--487.","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_62_1","first-page":"105","volume":"200","author":"Walther J.","unstructured":"Walther , J. , Slovacek , C. , and Tidwell , L. , Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words?allPhotographic Images in Long-Term and Short-Term Computer-Mediated Communication. Communication Research , 200 1. 28: p. 105 -- 134 . Walther, J., Slovacek, C., and Tidwell, L., Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words?allPhotographic Images in Long-Term and Short-Term Computer-Mediated Communication. Communication Research, 2001. 28: p. 105--134.","journal-title":"Short-Term Computer-Mediated Communication. Communication Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/238386.238387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_64_1","volume-title":"Intelligent Environments","author":"Wexelblat A.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wexelblat , A. , Don't Make that Face : A Report on Anthropomorphizing an Interface . Intelligent Environments , 1998 . Wexelblat, A., Don't Make that Face: A Report on Anthropomorphizing an Interface. Intelligent Environments, 1998."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_65_1","volume-title":"AAMAS02 Workshop on 'Embodied Conversational Agents -- Let's Specifiy and Evaluate Them!","author":"Xiao J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xiao , J. , Stasko , J. , and Catrambone , R . Embodied Conversational Agents as UI Paradigm: A Framework for Evaluation . in AAMAS02 Workshop on 'Embodied Conversational Agents -- Let's Specifiy and Evaluate Them! 2002 . Bologna, Italy. Xiao, J., Stasko, J., and Catrambone, R. Embodied Conversational Agents as UI Paradigm: A Framework for Evaluation. in AAMAS02 Workshop on 'Embodied Conversational Agents -- Let's Specifiy and Evaluate Them! 2002. Bologna, Italy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124945"}],"event":{"name":"CHI07: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"San Jose California USA","acronym":"CHI07","sponsor":["ACM Association for Computing Machinery","SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1240624.1240626","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1240624.1240626","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:52:08Z","timestamp":1750258328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1240624.1240626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,29]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1240624.1240626","10.1145\/1240624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1240624.1240626","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-04-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}