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In 1994, Donald Becker and Thomas Sterling worked to drive the costs even lower by adopting the then-fledgling Linux operating system to build Beowulf clusters at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center. By tying desktop machines together with open source tools such as PVM, MPI, and PBS, early clusters\u2014which were often PC towers stacked on metal shelves with a nest of wires interconnecting them\u2014fundamentally altered the balance of scientific computing. Before these first clusters appeared, distributed\/parallel computing was prevalent at only a few computing centers, national laboratories, and a very few university departments. Since the introduction of clusters, distributed computing is now, literally, everywhere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1242489.1242501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,6]],"date-time":"2007-06-06T14:37:11Z","timestamp":1181140631000},"page":"36-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Beyond Beowulf Clusters"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego"}]},{"given":"Mason","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093857"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"volume-title":"The Biomedical Informatics Research Network: Educational and Teaching Resources. 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Clusters 2002: IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing Chicago (April)."}],"container-title":["Queue"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1242489.1242501","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1242489.1242501","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T17:38:56Z","timestamp":1750268336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1242489.1242501"}},"subtitle":["As clusters grow in size and complexity, it becomes harder and harder to manage their configurations."],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1242489.1242501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1242489.1242501","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-7730","1542-7749"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1542-7730"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1542-7749"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}