{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:21:52Z","timestamp":1783578112052,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]],"date-time":"2007-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) enable two or more people, separated in the real world, to share the same virtual \u201cspace.\u201d They can be used for many purposes, from teleconferencing to training people to perform assembly tasks. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of CVEs is compromised by one major problem: the delay that exists in the networks linking users together. Whilst we have a good understanding, especially in the visual modality, of how users are affected by delayed feedback from their own actions, little research has systematically examined how users are affected by delayed feedback from other people, particularly in environments that support haptic (force) feedback. The current study addresses this issue by quantifying how increasing levels of latency affect visual and haptic feedback in a collaborative target acquisition task. Our results demonstrate that haptic feedback in particular is very sensitive to low levels of delay. Whilst latency affects visual feedback from 50 ms, it impacts on haptic task performance 25 ms earlier, and causes the haptic measures of performance deterioration to rise far more steeply than visual. The \u201cimpact-perceive-adapt\u201d model of user performance, which considers the interaction between performance measures, perception of latency, and the breakdown of perception of immediate causality, is proposed as an explanation for the observed pattern of performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1275511.1275514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,14]],"date-time":"2007-09-14T13:44:55Z","timestamp":1189777495000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Modeling the effects of delayed haptic and visual feedback in a collaborative virtual environment"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Jay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashhuda","family":"Glencross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Hubbold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(02)00277-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1044588.1044670"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Bailenson J. N. Yee N. Brave S. Merget D. and Koslow D. 2006. Virtual interpersonal touch: expressing and recognizing emotions through haptic devices. Hum.-Comput. Inter.   Bailenson J. N. Yee N. Brave S. Merget D. and Koslow D. 2006. Virtual interpersonal touch: expressing and recognizing emotions through haptic devices. Hum.-Comput. Inter."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-007-0171-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/365058.365082"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Card S. Moran T. and Newell A. 1983. The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum.   Card S. Moran T. and Newell A. 1983. The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control, 70--79","author":"Day P. N.","unstructured":"Day , P. N. , Holt , P. O. , and Russell G. T . 1999. Modelling the effects of delayed visual feedback in real-time operator control loops: A cognitive perspective . In Proceedings of the 18th European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control, 70--79 . Day, P. N., Holt, P. O., and Russell G. T. 1999. Modelling the effects of delayed visual feedback in real-time operator control loops: A cognitive perspective. In Proceedings of the 18th European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control, 70--79."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872086600800509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055392"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC.2005.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC.2005.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceeding of the Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM). 1492--1496","author":"Hikichi K.","unstructured":"Hikichi , K. , Morino , H. , Sezali , K. , and Yasuda , Y . 2002. The evaluation of delay jitter for haptics collaboration over the Internet . In Proceeding of the Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM). 1492--1496 . Hikichi, K., Morino, H., Sezali, K., and Yasuda, Y. 2002. The evaluation of delay jitter for haptics collaboration over the Internet. In Proceeding of the Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM). 1492--1496."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Eurographics Workshop on Virtual Environments. 7--12","author":"Hubbold","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hubbold . 2002 . Collaborative stretcher carrying: A case study . In Proceedings of the 8th Eurographics Workshop on Virtual Environments. 7--12 . Hubbold. 2002. Collaborative stretcher carrying: A case study. In Proceedings of the 8th Eurographics Workshop on Virtual Environments. 7--12."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC.2005.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eurohaptics Conference. 530--533","author":"Jay C.","unstructured":"Jay , C. and Hubbold , R . 2004. Does performance in the face of delayed sensory feedback change with practice? In Proceedings of the Eurohaptics Conference. 530--533 . Jay, C. and Hubbold, R. 2004. 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In Proceeding of Dynamic System and Control ASME 61, 101--106.","journal-title":"Proceeding of Dynamic System and Control ASME"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474600566871"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR). 104--111","author":"Park K.","unstructured":"Park , K. and Kenyon , R . 1999. Effects of network characteristics on human performance in a collaborative virtual environment . In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR). 104--111 . Park, K. and Kenyon, R. 1999. Effects of network characteristics on human performance in a collaborative virtual environment. In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR). 104--111."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT). 97--104","author":"Sallnas E.","unstructured":"Sallnas , E. and Zhai , S . 2003. 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