{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T18:14:36Z","timestamp":1785953676190,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]],"date-time":"2007-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Effective resizing of images should not only use geometric constraints, but consider the image content as well. We present a simple image operator called\n                    <jats:italic>seam carving<\/jats:italic>\n                    that supports content-aware image resizing for both reduction and expansion. A seam is an optimal 8-connected path of pixels on a\n                    <jats:italic>single<\/jats:italic>\n                    image from top to bottom, or left to right, where optimality is defined by an image energy function. By repeatedly carving out or inserting seams in one direction we can change the aspect ratio of an image. By applying these operators in both directions we can retarget the image to a new size. The selection and order of seams protect the content of the image, as defined by the energy function. Seam carving can also be used for image content enhancement and object removal. We support various visual saliency measures for defining the energy of an image, and can also include user input to guide the process. By storing the order of seams in an image we create\n                    <jats:italic>multi-size<\/jats:italic>\n                    images, that are able to continuously change in real time to fit a given size.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,14]],"date-time":"2007-09-14T09:44:55Z","timestamp":1189763095000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1050,"title":["Seam carving for content-aware image resizing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shai","family":"Avidan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Shamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Center &amp; MERL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015718"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344972"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 707--714","author":"Bertalmio M.","unstructured":"Bertalmio , M. , Vese , L. , Sapiro , G. , and Osher , S . 2003. Simultaneous structure and texture image inpainting . In Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 707--714 . Bertalmio, M., Vese, L., Sapiro, G., and Osher, S. 2003. Simultaneous structure and texture image inpainting. In Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 707--714."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Computer Vision, (ICCV)","author":"Boykov Y.","unstructured":"Boykov , Y. , and Jolly , M . -P. 2001. Interactive graph cuts for optimal boundary &amp; region segmentation of objects in n-d images . In International Conference on Computer Vision, (ICCV) , vol. I , 105--112. Boykov, Y., and Jolly, M.-P. 2001. Interactive graph cuts for optimal boundary &amp; region segmentation of objects in n-d images. In International Conference on Computer Vision, (ICCV), vol. I, 105--112."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-003-0105-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","author":"Christoudias C.","unstructured":"Christoudias , C. , Georgescu , B. , and Meer , P . 2002. Synergism in low-level vision . In 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition , vol. IV , 150--155. Christoudias, C., Georgescu, B., and Meer, P. 2002. Synergism in low-level vision. In 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, vol. IV, 150--155."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 417--424","author":"Criminisi A.","unstructured":"Criminisi , A. , Perez , P. , and Toyama , K . 2003. Object removal by exemplar-based inpainting . In In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 417--424 . Criminisi, A., Perez, P., and Toyama, K. 2003. Object removal by exemplar-based inpainting. In In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 417--424."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/794191.794798"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566570.566650"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1201775.882267"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383296"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2383894.2383931"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Alvey Vision Conference, 147--151","author":"Harris C.","unstructured":"Harris , C. , and Stephens , M . 1988. A combined corner and edge detector . In Proceedings of the 4th Alvey Vision Conference, 147--151 . Harris, C., and Stephens, M. 1988. A combined corner and edge detector. In Proceedings of the 4th Alvey Vision Conference, 147--151."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.730558"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1201775.882353"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1179352.1141934"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.3800020109"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1095034.1095061"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1180639.1180702"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/957013.957045"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882269"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1179352.1141965"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124886"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1149488.1149499"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964696.964707"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1186822.1073274"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1201775.882264"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).","author":"Viola P.","unstructured":"Viola , P. , and Jones , M . 2001. Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features . In Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Viola, P., and Jones, M. 2001. Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features. In Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang J. and Cohen M. 2006. Simultaneous Matting and Compositing. Microsoft Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2006-63 (May).  Wang J. and Cohen M. 2006. Simultaneous Matting and Compositing. 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