{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T18:46:46Z","timestamp":1771613206178,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]],"date-time":"2007-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Efficient, realistic rendering of complex scenes is one of the grand challenges in computer graphics. Perceptually based rendering addresses this challenge by taking advantage of the limits of human vision. However, existing methods, based on predicting visible image differences, are too conservative because some kinds of image differences do not matter to human observers. In this paper, we introduce the concept of\n            <jats:italic>visual equivalence<\/jats:italic>\n            , a new standard for image fidelity in graphics. Images are visually equivalent if they convey the same impressions of scene appearance, even if they are visibly different. To understand this phenomenon, we conduct a series of experiments that explore how object geometry, material, and illumination interact to provide information about appearance, and we characterize how two kinds of transformations on illumination maps (blurring and warping) affect these appearance attributes. We then derive\n            <jats:italic>visual equivalence predictors<\/jats:italic>\n            (VEPs): metrics for predicting when images rendered with transformed illumination maps will be visually equivalent to images rendered with reference maps. We also run a confirmatory study to validate the effectiveness of these VEPs for general scenes. Finally, we show how VEPs can be used to improve the efficiency of two rendering algorithms: Light-cuts and precomputed radiance transfer. This work represents some promising first steps towards developing perceptual metrics based on higher order aspects of visual coding.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,14]],"date-time":"2007-09-14T13:44:55Z","timestamp":1189777495000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Visual equivalence"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Ramanarayanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Ferwerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Lightness perception and lightness illusions","author":"Adelson E. H.","unstructured":"Adelson , E. H. 2000. Lightness perception and lightness illusions , 2 nd ed. The MIT Press , Cambridge, MA , 339--351. Adelson, E. H. 2000. Lightness perception and lightness illusions, 2nd ed. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 339--351.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1140491.1140518"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Surface Color Perception","author":"Beck J.","unstructured":"Beck , J. 1972. Surface Color Perception . Cornell University Press , Ithaca, NY . Beck, J. 1972. Surface Color Perception. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"CVPR '97: IEEE conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition 00","author":"Belhumeur P. N.","unstructured":"Belhumeur , P. N. , Kriegman , D. J. , and Yuille , A. L . 1997. The bas-relief ambiguity . CVPR '97: IEEE conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition 00 , 1060--1066. Belhumeur, P. N., Kriegman, D. J., and Yuille, A. L. 1997. The bas-relief ambiguity. CVPR '97: IEEE conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition 00, 1060--1066."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/343165a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/4.9.i"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/604471.604485"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/311535.311553"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/585740.585744"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/604471.604483"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.15.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/984952.984960"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1140491.1140499"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.113.2.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daly S. 1993. The visible differences predictor: an algorithm for the assessment of image fidelity. In Digital Images and Human Vision A. B. Watson Ed. MIT Press 179--206.   Daly S. 1993. The visible differences predictor: an algorithm for the assessment of image fidelity. In Digital Images and Human Vision A. B. Watson Ed. MIT Press 179--206.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.135952"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/300776.300778"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1101389.1101393"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258734.258884"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882354"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/4.9.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 1388--1392","author":"Ferwerda J.","unstructured":"Ferwerda , J. , and Pellacini , F . 2003. Functional difference predictors (FDPs): Measuring meaningful image differences . Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 1388--1392 . Ferwerda, J., and Pellacini, F. 2003. Functional difference predictors (FDPs): Measuring meaningful image differences. Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 1388--1392."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SPIE: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VI","volume":"4299","author":"Ferwerda J. A.","unstructured":"Ferwerda , J. A. , Pellacini , F. , and Greenberg , D. P . 2001. A psychophysically-based model of surface gloss perception . In Proceedings of the SPIE: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VI , vol. 4299 , 291--301. Ferwerda, J. A., Pellacini, F., and Greenberg, D. P. 2001. A psychophysically-based model of surface gloss perception. In Proceedings of the SPIE: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VI, vol. 4299, 291--301."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1077399.1077409"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/3.5.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/4.9.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Fourth Eurographics Symposium on Geometry Processing, 131--142","author":"Funkhouser T.","unstructured":"Funkhouser , T. , and Shilane , P . 2006. Partial matching of 3D shapes with priority-driven search . In Fourth Eurographics Symposium on Geometry Processing, 131--142 . Funkhouser, T., and Shilane, P. 2006. Partial matching of 3D shapes with priority-driven search. In Fourth Eurographics Symposium on Geometry Processing, 131--142."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Psychophysics: The Fundamentals","author":"Gescheider G.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gescheider , G. 1997 . Psychophysics: The Fundamentals . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Mahwah, NJ . Gescheider, G. 1997. Psychophysics: The Fundamentals. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Houghton Mifflin","author":"Gibson J.","unstructured":"Gibson , J. 1979. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Houghton Mifflin , Boston, MA . Gibson, J. 1979. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.4.795"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/2.7.551"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/6.5.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1012551.1012562"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","volume-title":"Advances in kernel methods: support vector learning","author":"Joachims T.","unstructured":"Joachims , T. 1999. Making large-scale support vector machine learning practical . In Advances in kernel methods: support vector learning . MIT Press , Cambridge, MA , 169--184. Joachims, T. 1999. Making large-scale support vector machine learning practical. In Advances in kernel methods: support vector learning. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 169--184."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques","author":"Kautz J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kautz , J. , V\u00e1zquez , P.-P. , Heidrich , W. , and Seidel , H . -P. 2000. A unified approach to prefiltered environment maps . In Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques 2000 , Springer-Verlag, London, UK, 185--196. Kautz, J., V\u00e1zquez, P.-P., Heidrich, W., and Seidel, H.-P. 2000. A unified approach to prefiltered environment maps. In Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques 2000, Springer-Verlag, London, UK, 185--196."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141937"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p5485"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knill D. C. and Richards W. 1996. Perception as Bayesian Inference. Cambridge University Press New York NY.   Knill D. C. and Richards W. 1996. Perception as Bayesian Inference . Cambridge University Press New York NY.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511984037"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.20.000987"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"Principles of Gestalt Psychology. Harcourt, Brace and World","author":"Koffka K.","unstructured":"Koffka , K. 1935. Principles of Gestalt Psychology. Harcourt, Brace and World , New York, NY . Koffka, K. 1935. Principles of Gestalt Psychology. Harcourt, Brace and World, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073244"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques, 223--234","author":"Luebke D. P.","unstructured":"Luebke , D. P. , and Hallen , B . 2001. Perceptually driven simplification for interactive rendering . In Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques, 223--234 . Luebke, D. P., and Hallen, B. 2001. Perceptually driven simplification for interactive rendering. In Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques, 223--234."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"-P","author":"Mantiuk R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mantiuk , R. , Daly , S. , Myszkowski , K. , and Seidel , H . -P . 2005 . Predicting visible differences in high dynamic range images - model and its calibration. In Proceedings of the SPIE : Human Vision and Electronic Imaging X , vol. 5666 , 204--214. Mantiuk, R., Daly, S., Myszkowski, K., and Seidel, H.-P. 2005. Predicting visible differences in high dynamic range images - model and its calibration. In Proceedings of the SPIE: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging X, vol. 5666, 204--214."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1140491.1140517"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/584458.584462"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015749"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p5418"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"Vision science: From Photons to Phenomenology","author":"Palmer S. E.","unstructured":"Palmer , S. E. 1999. Vision science: From Photons to Phenomenology . Bradford Books\/MIT Press , Cambridge, MA . Palmer, S. E. 1999. Vision science: From Photons to Phenomenology. Bradford Books\/MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1012551.1012561"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344812"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566636"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3DPVT.2004.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1111411.1111447"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566611"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/38.946633"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1012551.1012568"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/2.5.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","volume-title":"The Logic of Perception","author":"Rock I.","unstructured":"Rock , I. 1983. The Logic of Perception . MIT Press , Cambridge, MA . Rock, I. 1983. The Logic of Perception. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SPIE: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VI","volume":"4299","author":"Rogowitz B. E.","unstructured":"Rogowitz , B. E. , and Rushmeier , H. E . 2001. Are image quality metrics adequate to evaluate the quality of geometric objects ? In Proceedings of the SPIE: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VI , vol. 4299 , 340--348. Rogowitz, B. E., and Rushmeier, H. E. 2001. Are image quality metrics adequate to evaluate the quality of geometric objects? In Proceedings of the SPIE: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VI, vol. 4299, 340--348."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015795"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1012551.1012597"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1080402.1080415"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.9.4.583"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.01501006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/38.252554"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","volume-title":"The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory","author":"Vapnik V.","unstructured":"Vapnik , V. 1995. The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory . Springer-Verlag , Berlin . Vapnik, V. 1995. The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. Springer-Verlag, Berlin."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073318"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.21.9778"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/133994.134078"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383283"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383318"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/641480.641503"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1140491.1140505"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383745.383748"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1276377.1276472","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1276377.1276472","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:58:04Z","timestamp":1750258684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1276377.1276472"}},"subtitle":["towards a new standard for image fidelity"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]]},"references-count":73,"aliases":["10.1145\/1239451.1239527"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1276377.1276472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1276377.1276472","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-07-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}