{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T13:29:11Z","timestamp":1768742951382,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]],"date-time":"2007-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a novel architecture for hardware-accelerated rendering of point primitives. Our pipeline implements a refined version of EWA splatting, a high quality method for antialiased rendering of point sampled representations. A central feature of our design is the seamless integration of the architecture into conventional, OpenGL-like graphics pipelines so as to complement triangle-based rendering. The specific properties of the EWA algorithm required a variety of novel design concepts including a ternary depth test and using an on-chip pipelined heap data structure for making the memory accesses of splat primitives more coherent. In addition, we developed a computationally stable evaluation scheme for perspectively corrected splats. We implemented our architecture both on reconfigurable FPGA boards and as an ASIC prototype, and we integrated it into an OpenGL-like software implementation. Our evaluation comprises a detailed performance analysis using scenes of varying complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,14]],"date-time":"2007-09-14T13:44:55Z","timestamp":1189777495000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A hardware architecture for surface splatting"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Weyrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich and Princeton University"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Heinzle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Aila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helsinki University of Technology and NVIDIA Research"}]},{"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Fasnacht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Oetiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Botsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Flaig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Mall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}]},{"given":"Kaspar","family":"Rohrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Felber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Kaeslin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2005.00892.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/166117.166131"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882348"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Visualization, 21--28","author":"Alexa M.","unstructured":"Alexa , M. , Behr , J. , Cohen-Or , D. , Fleishman , S. , Levin , D. , and Silva , C . 2001. Point set surfaces . In Proc. IEEE Visualization, 21--28 . Alexa, M., Behr, J., Cohen-Or, D., Fleishman, S., Levin, D., and Silva, C. 2001. Point set surfaces. In Proc. IEEE Visualization, 21--28."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/SPBG\/SPBG04\/025-032"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/SPBG\/SPBG05\/017-024"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800064.801272"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/378456.378468"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","unstructured":"Everitt C. 2001. Interactive order-independent transparency. Tech. rep. Nvidia.  Everitt C. 2001. Interactive order-independent transparency. Tech. rep. Nvidia."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/944020.944023"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/325334.325205"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/74333.74341"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/EGWR\/EGSR05\/055-064"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"Rendering Techniques '98","author":"Grossman J. P.","unstructured":"Grossman , J. P. , and Dally , W . 1998. Point sample rendering . In Rendering Techniques '98 , Springer, 181--192. Grossman, J. P., and Dally, W. 1998. Point sample rendering. In Rendering Techniques '98, Springer, 181--192."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/SPBG\/SPBG06\/049-057"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"Proc. 8th International Fall Workshop on Vision, Modelling and Visualization","author":"Gumhold S.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gumhold , S. 2003 . Splatting illuminated ellipsoids with depth correction . In Proc. 8th International Fall Workshop on Vision, Modelling and Visualization 2003, 245--252. Gumhold, S. 2003. Splatting illuminated ellipsoids with depth correction. In Proc. 8th International Fall Workshop on Vision, Modelling and Visualization 2003, 245--252."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Texture Mapping and Image Warping. Master's thesis","author":"Heckbert P.","unstructured":"Heckbert , P. 1989. Fundamentals of Texture Mapping and Image Warping. Master's thesis , University of California at Berkeley , Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Heckbert, P. 1989. Fundamentals of Texture Mapping and Image Warping. Master's thesis, University of California at Berkeley, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"Proc. WSCG","author":"Herout A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Herout , A. , and Zemcik , P . 2005. Hardware pipeline for rendering clouds of circular points . In Proc. WSCG 2005 , 17--22. Herout, A., and Zemcik, P. 2005. Hardware pipeline for rendering clouds of circular points. In Proc. WSCG 2005, 17--22."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/311535.311567"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications.","author":"Ioannou A.","unstructured":"Ioannou , A. , and Katevenis , M . 2001. Pipelined heap (priority queue) management for advanced scheduling in high speed networks . In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications. Ioannou, A., and Katevenis, M. 2001. Pipelined heap (priority queue) management for advanced scheduling in high speed networks. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2004.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Tech. Rep. TR 85-022","author":"Levoy M.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Levoy , M. , and Whitted , T . 1985 . The use of points as display primitives. Tech. Rep. TR 85-022 , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Computer Science . Levoy, M., and Whitted, T. 1985. The use of points as display primitives. Tech. Rep. TR 85-022, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Computer Science."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383274"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware, 17--26","author":"Meinds K.","unstructured":"Meinds , K. , and Barenbrug , B . 2002. Resample hardware for 3D graphics . In Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware, 17--26 . Meinds, K., and Barenbrug, B. 2002. Resample hardware for 3D graphics. In Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware, 17--26."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","unstructured":"Mesa. The Mesa 3D graphics library. http:\/\/www.mesa3d.org\/.  Mesa. The Mesa 3D graphics library. http:\/\/www.mesa3d.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","unstructured":"Microsoft 2002. Direct3D 9.0. http:\/\/microsoft.com\/directx\/.  Microsoft 2002. Direct3D 9.0. http:\/\/microsoft.com\/directx\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/133994.134067"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258734.258871"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"ATI Radeon - HyperZ Technology. ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware, Hot3D session.","author":"Morein S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Morein , S. , 2000 . ATI Radeon - HyperZ Technology. ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware, Hot3D session. Morein, S., 2000. ATI Radeon - HyperZ Technology. ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware, Hot3D session."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258694.258723"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","unstructured":"OpenGL Architecture Review Board and Shreiner D. 2004. OpenGL Reference Manual: The Official Reference Document to OpenGL Version 1.4. Addison Wesley.   OpenGL Architecture Review Board and Shreiner D. 2004. OpenGL Reference Manual: The Official Reference Document to OpenGL Version 1.4 . Addison Wesley."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882319"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344936"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/54852.378457"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344979"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/12.9744"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","volume-title":"Surface Splatting: Theory, Extensions and Implementation. Master's thesis","author":"R\u00e4s\u00e4nen J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"R\u00e4s\u00e4nen , J. 2002 . Surface Splatting: Theory, Extensions and Implementation. Master's thesis , Helsinki University of Technology . R\u00e4s\u00e4nen, J. 2002. Surface Splatting: Theory, Extensions and Implementation. Master's thesis, Helsinki University of Technology."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.00606"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2004.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"Proc. Workshop on Graphics Hardware","author":"Schmittler J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schmittler , J. , Wald , I. , and Slusallek , P . 2002. Saar-COR: A hardware achitecture for ray tracing . In Proc. Workshop on Graphics Hardware 2002 , 27--36. Schmittler, J., Wald, I., and Slusallek, P. 2002. Saar-COR: A hardware achitecture for ray tracing. In Proc. Workshop on Graphics Hardware 2002, 27--36."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/SPBG\/SPBG06\/059-065"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Proc. 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 151--162","author":"Stamminger M.","unstructured":"Stamminger , M. , and Drettakis , G . 2001. Interactive sampling and rendering for complex and procedural geometry . In Proc. 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 151--162 . Stamminger, M., and Drettakis, G. 2001. Interactive sampling and rendering for complex and procedural geometry. In Proc. 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 151--162."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1058129.1058141"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/237170.237274"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383299"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/97879.97919"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1071866.1071879"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073211"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/SPBG\/SPBG06\/037-048"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383300"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","volume-title":"Proc. Graphics Interface, 247--254","author":"Zwicker M.","unstructured":"Zwicker , M. , R\u00e4s\u00e4nen , J. , Botsch , M. , Dachsbacher , C. , and Pauly , M . 2004. Perspective accurate splatting . In Proc. Graphics Interface, 247--254 . Zwicker, M., R\u00e4s\u00e4nen, J., Botsch, M., Dachsbacher, C., and Pauly, M. 2004. Perspective accurate splatting. In Proc. Graphics Interface, 247--254."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1276377.1276490","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1276377.1276490","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:58:04Z","timestamp":1750258684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1276377.1276490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1276377.1276490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1276377.1276490","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-07-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}