{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T12:58:19Z","timestamp":1772024299937,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]],"date-time":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Internet Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Traditional collaborative filtering generates recommendations for the active user based solely on ratings of items by other users. However, most businesses today have item ontologies that provide a useful source of content descriptors that can be used to enhance the quality of recommendations generated. In this article, we present a novel approach to integrating user rating vectors with an item ontology to generate recommendations. The approach is novel in measuring similarity between users in that it first derives factors, referred to as\n            <jats:italic>impacts<\/jats:italic>\n            , driving the observed user behavior and then uses these factors within the similarity computation. In doing so, a more comprehensive user model is learned that is sensitive to the context of the user visit.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>An evaluation of our recommendation algorithm was carried out using data from an online retailer of movies with over 94,000 movies, 44,000 actors, and 10,000 directors within the item knowledge base. The evaluation showed a statistically significant improvement in the prediction accuracy over traditional collaborative filtering. Additionally, the algorithm was shown to generate recommendations for visitors that belong to sparse sections of the user space, areas where traditional collaborative filtering would generally fail to generate accurate recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1278366.1278371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,12]],"date-time":"2007-10-12T15:47:29Z","timestamp":1192204049000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Generating semantically enriched user profiles for Web personalization"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sarabjot Singh","family":"Anand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warwick, Coventry, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Kearney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Shapcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11577935_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/245108.245124"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifteenth National\/Tenth Conference on Artificial Intelligence\/Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 714--720","author":"Basu C.","unstructured":"Basu , C. , Hirsh , H. , and Cohen , W . 1998. Recommendation as classification: Using social and content-based information in recommendation . In Proceedings of the Fifteenth National\/Tenth Conference on Artificial Intelligence\/Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 714--720 . Basu, C., Hirsh, H., and Cohen, W. 1998. Recommendation as classification: Using social and content-based information in recommendation. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth National\/Tenth Conference on Artificial Intelligence\/Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 714--720."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th German Workshop on Case Based Reasoning.","author":"Bergmann R.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bergmann , R. 1998 . On the use of taxonomies for representing case features and local similarity measures . In Proceedings of the 6th German Workshop on Case Based Reasoning. Bergmann, R. 1998. On the use of taxonomies for representing case features and local similarity measures. In Proceedings of the 6th German Workshop on Case Based Reasoning."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning (EWCBR'98)","author":"Bergmann R.","unstructured":"Bergmann , R. and Stahl , A . 1998. Similarity measures for object-oriented case representations . In Proceedings of the European Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning (EWCBR'98) . Bergmann, R. and Stahl, A. 1998. Similarity measures for object-oriented case representations. In Proceedings of the European Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning (EWCBR'98)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026501525781"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Towards Very Large Knowledge Bases","author":"Bisson G.","unstructured":"Bisson , G. 1995. Why and how to define a similarity measure for object-based representation systems . In Towards Very Large Knowledge Bases . IOS Press , Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 236--246. Bisson, G. 1995. Why and how to define a similarity measure for object-based representation systems. In Towards Very Large Knowledge Bases. IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 236--246."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. 43--52","author":"Breese J. S.","unstructured":"Breese , J. S. , Heckerman , D. , and Kadie , C . 1998. Empirical analysis of predictive algorithms for collaborative filtering . In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. 43--52 . Breese, J. S., Heckerman, D., and Kadie, C. 1998. Empirical analysis of predictive algorithms for collaborative filtering. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. 43--52."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021240730564"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4174(03)00138-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359784.359836"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03325089"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet Computing. 58--64","author":"Dai H.","unstructured":"Dai , H. and Mobasher , B . 2003. A road map to more effective Web personalization: Integrating domain knowledge with Web usage mining . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet Computing. 58--64 . Dai, H. and Mobasher, B. 2003. A road map to more effective Web personalization: Integrating domain knowledge with Web usage mining. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet Computing. 58--64."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings 13th International Conference on Machine Learning, L. Saitta, Ed. Morgan Kaufmann","author":"Emde W.","unstructured":"Emde , W. and Wettschereck , D . 1996. Relational instance-based learning . In Proceedings 13th International Conference on Machine Learning, L. Saitta, Ed. Morgan Kaufmann , San Francisco, CA, 122--130. Emde, W. and Wettschereck, D. 1996. Relational instance-based learning. In Proceedings 13th International Conference on Machine Learning, L. Saitta, Ed. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, 122--130."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/635484.635487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Recommendation and Personalization in E-Commerce (part of the 2nd International Conference on Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptie Web Base Systems","author":"Ghani R.","unstructured":"Ghani , R. and Fano , A . 2002. Building recommender systems using a knowledge base of product semantics . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Recommendation and Personalization in E-Commerce (part of the 2nd International Conference on Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptie Web Base Systems ( Malaga, Spain, May). Ghani, R. and Fano, A. 2002. Building recommender systems using a knowledge base of product semantics. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Recommendation and Personalization in E-Commerce (part of the 2nd International Conference on Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptie Web Base Systems (Malaga, Spain, May)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Formal Ontology in Conceptual Analysis and Knowledge Representation","author":"Gruber T.","unstructured":"Gruber , T. 1993. Towards principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing . In Formal Ontology in Conceptual Analysis and Knowledge Representation , N. Guarino and R. Poli, Eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers , Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Gruber, T. 1993. Towards principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing. In Formal Ontology in Conceptual Analysis and Knowledge Representation, N. Guarino and R. Poli, Eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Semantic Web Personalization. AAAI Workshop Technical Report. 1--12","author":"Haase P.","unstructured":"Haase , P. , Ehrig , M. , Hotho , A. , and Schnizler , B . 2004. Personalized information access in a bibliographic peer-to-peer system . In Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Semantic Web Personalization. AAAI Workshop Technical Report. 1--12 . Haase, P., Ehrig, M., Hotho, A., and Schnizler, B. 2004. Personalized information access in a bibliographic peer-to-peer system. In Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Semantic Web Personalization. AAAI Workshop Technical Report. 1--12."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/963770.963772"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/599610.599635"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Working Notes of the IJCAI Workshop on Intelligent Techinques for Web Personalization. 25--32","author":"Kearney P.","unstructured":"Kearney , P. , Anand , S. S. , and Shapcott , C. M . 2005. Employing a domain ontology to gain insights into user behavior . In Working Notes of the IJCAI Workshop on Intelligent Techinques for Web Personalization. 25--32 . Kearney, P., Anand, S. S., and Shapcott, C. M. 2005. Employing a domain ontology to gain insights into user behavior. In Working Notes of the IJCAI Workshop on Intelligent Techinques for Web Personalization. 25--32."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-57868-4_57"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/245108.245126"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ECML2000\/MLNet Workshop on Machine Learning in the New Information Age.","author":"Koychev I.","unstructured":"Koychev , I. and Schwab , I . 2000. Adaptation to drifting user's interests . In Proceedings of the ECML2000\/MLNet Workshop on Machine Learning in the New Information Age. Koychev, I. and Schwab, I. 2000. Adaptation to drifting user's interests. In Proceedings of the ECML2000\/MLNet Workshop on Machine Learning in the New Information Age."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-377-6.50048-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"707","article-title":"Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions and reversals","volume":"10","author":"Levenshtein I. V.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Levenshtein , I. V. 1966 . Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions and reversals . Sov. Phys. Dokelady 10 , 707 -- 710 . Levenshtein, I. V. 1966. Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions and reversals. Sov. Phys. Dokelady 10, 707--710.","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. Dokelady"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference in Artificial Intelligence. 924--929","author":"Lieberman H.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lieberman , H. 1995 . Letizia: An agent that assists Web browsing . In Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference in Artificial Intelligence. 924--929 . Lieberman, H. 1995. Letizia: An agent that assists Web browsing. In Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference in Artificial Intelligence. 924--929."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031114.1031116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/963770.963773"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Eds. Lecture Noes in Artificial Intelligence","volume":"3209","author":"Mobasher B.","unstructured":"Mobasher , B. , Jin , X. , and Zhou , Y . 2004. Semantically enhanced collaborative filtering on the Web. In Web Mining: From Web to Semantic Web, B. Berendt, A. Hotho, D. Mladenic, M. van Someren, M. Spiliopolou, and G. Stumme , Eds. Lecture Noes in Artificial Intelligence , vol. 3209 . Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Mobasher, B., Jin, X., and Zhou, Y. 2004. Semantically enhanced collaborative filtering on the Web. In Web Mining: From Web to Semantic Web, B. Berendt, A. Hotho, D. Mladenic, M. van Someren, M. Spiliopolou, and G. Stumme, Eds. Lecture Noes in Artificial Intelligence, vol. 3209. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0743-1066(94)90035-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/345124.345165"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. 1075--1080","author":"Niu L.","unstructured":"Niu , L. , Yan , X. , , Zhang , C. , , and Zhang , S . 2002. Product hierarchy-based customer profiles for electronic commerce recommendation . In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. 1075--1080 . Niu, L., Yan, X., , Zhang, C., , and Zhang, S. 2002. Product hierarchy-based customer profiles for electronic commerce recommendation. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. 1075--1080."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/21.24528"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference in Artificial Intelligence. 448--453","author":"Resnik P.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Resnik , P. 1995 . Using information content to evaluate semantic similarity in a taxonomy . In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference in Artificial Intelligence. 448--453 . Resnik, P. 1995. Using information content to evaluate semantic similarity in a taxonomy. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference in Artificial Intelligence. 448--453."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/192844.192905"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223904.223931"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"A learning approach to personalized information filtering. Masters thesis","author":"Sheth B.","unstructured":"Sheth , B. 1994. A learning approach to personalized information filtering. Masters thesis . Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA . Sheth, B. 1994. A learning approach to personalized information filtering. Masters thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Delos-NSF Workshop on Personalisation and Recommender Systems in Digital Libraries.","author":"Sinha R.","unstructured":"Sinha , R. and Swearingen , K . 2001. Comparing recommendations made by online systems and friends . In Proceedings of the Delos-NSF Workshop on Personalisation and Recommender Systems in Digital Libraries. Sinha, R. and Swearingen, K. 2001. Comparing recommendations made by online systems and friends. In Proceedings of the Delos-NSF Workshop on Personalisation and Recommender Systems in Digital Libraries."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/646268.758890"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","series-title":"Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics","volume-title":"Graphical Models in Applied Mathematical Multivariate Statistics","author":"Whittaker J.","unstructured":"Whittaker , J. 1990. Graphical Models in Applied Mathematical Multivariate Statistics . Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics . John Wiley and Sons , New York, NY . Whittaker, J. 1990. Graphical Models in Applied Mathematical Multivariate Statistics. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031171.1031252"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1060745.1060754"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Internet Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1278366.1278371","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1278366.1278371","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:47:29Z","timestamp":1750258049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1278366.1278371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1278366.1278371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1278366.1278371","relation":{},"ISSN":["1533-5399","1557-6051"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1533-5399","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-6051","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-10-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}