{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:14:15Z","timestamp":1760170455171,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The human face is capable of producing an astonishing variety of expressions\u2014expressions for which sometimes the smallest difference changes the perceived meaning considerably. Producing realistic-looking facial animations that are able to transmit this degree of complexity continues to be a challenging research topic in computer graphics. One important question that remains to be answered is: When are facial animations good enough? Here we present an integrated framework in which psychophysical experiments are used in a first step to systematically evaluate the<jats:italic>perceptual<\/jats:italic>quality of several different computer-generated animations with respect to real-world video sequences. The first experiment provides an evaluation of several animation techniques, exposing specific animation parameters that are important to achieve perceptual fidelity. In a second experiment, we then use these benchmarked animation techniques in the context of perceptual research in order to systematically investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of expressions. A third and final experiment uses the quality measures that were developed in the first two experiments to examine the perceptual impact of changing facial features to improve the animation techniques. Using such an integrated approach, we are able to provide important insights into facial expressions for both the perceptual and computer graphics community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1278760.1278764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,28]],"date-time":"2008-02-28T14:02:33Z","timestamp":1204207353000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Evaluating the perceptual realism of animated facial expressions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Wallraven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Breidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Douglas W.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Heinrich H.","family":"B\u00fclthoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534582302001001003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bickmore T. and Cassell J. 2005. Advances in Natural Multimodal Dialogue Systems. Kluwer Academic New York. Chapter Social Dialogue with Embodied Conversational Agents. Bickmore T. and Cassell J. 2005. Advances in Natural Multimodal Dialogue Systems. Kluwer Academic New York. Chapter Social Dialogue with Embodied Conversational Agents.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3933-6_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/311535.311556"},{"volume-title":"EUROGRAPHICS '03 Proceedings. 641--650","author":"Blanz V.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Blanz , V. , Basso , C. , Poggio , T. , and Vetter , T . 2003. Reanimating faces in images and video . In EUROGRAPHICS '03 Proceedings. 641--650 . Blanz, V., Basso, C., Poggio, T., and Vetter, T. 2003. Reanimating faces in images and video. In EUROGRAPHICS '03 Proceedings. 641--650."},{"volume-title":"SIGGRAPH '03 Sketches &amp; Applications.","author":"Breidt M.","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Breidt , M. , Wallraven , C. , Cunningham , D. W. , and B\u00fclthoff , H. H . 2003. Facial animation based on 3d scans and motion capture . SIGGRAPH '03 Sketches &amp; Applications. Breidt, M., Wallraven, C., Cunningham, D. W., and B\u00fclthoff, H. H. 2003. Facial animation based on 3d scans and motion capture. SIGGRAPH '03 Sketches &amp; Applications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"644","article-title":"State of the art: Nonverbal communication","volume":"14","author":"Bull P.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bull , P. 2001 . State of the art: Nonverbal communication . The Psychologist 14 , 644 -- 647 . Bull, P. 2001. State of the art: Nonverbal communication. The Psychologist 14, 644--647.","journal-title":"The Psychologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1724"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1012551.1012579"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunningham D. W. Breidt M. Kleiner M. Wallraven C. and B\u00fclthoff H. H. 2003. How believable are real faces: Towards a perceptual basis for conversational animation. In Computer Animation and Social Agents 2003. 23--39. Cunningham D. W. Breidt M. Kleiner M. Wallraven C. and B\u00fclthoff H. H. 2003. How believable are real faces: Towards a perceptual basis for conversational animation. In Computer Animation and Social Agents 2003. 23--39.","DOI":"10.1109\/CASA.2003.1199300"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1012551.1012578"},{"volume-title":"Universal and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotion","author":"Ekman P.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Ekman , P. 1972. Universal and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotion . University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln, NB . 207--283. Ekman, P. 1972. Universal and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotion. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NB. 207--283."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566594"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1012551.1012575"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/365024.365121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/280814.280822"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itti L. Dhavale N. and Pighin F. 2004. Realistic avatar eye and head animation using a neurobiological model of visual attention. In Applications and Science of Neural Networks Fuzzy Systems and Evolutionary Computation VI. 64--78. Itti L. Dhavale N. and Pighin F. 2004. Realistic avatar eye and head animation using a neurobiological model of visual attention. In Applications and Science of Neural Networks Fuzzy Systems and Evolutionary Computation VI. 64--78.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.512618"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/15922.15902"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00236-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/545261.545271"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop Rendering Techniques. 1--9.","author":"Langer M.","key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Langer , M. and B\u00fclthoff , H . 2000. Measuring visual shape using computer graphics psychophysics. In Rendering Techniques 2000 . Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop Rendering Techniques. 1--9. Langer, M. and B\u00fclthoff, H. 2000. Measuring visual shape using computer graphics psychophysics. In Rendering Techniques 2000. Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop Rendering Techniques. 1--9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01436-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/218380.218407"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/82947"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01914864"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383284"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Eurographics '04","author":"O'Sullivan C.","year":"2004","unstructured":"O'Sullivan , C. , Howlett , S. , McDonnell , R. , Morvan , Y. , and O'Conor , K. 2004 . Perceptually adaptive graphics . In Eurographics '04 , State-of-the-Art-Report 6. O'Sullivan, C., Howlett, S., McDonnell, R., Morvan, Y., and O'Conor, K. 2004. Perceptually adaptive graphics. In Eurographics '04, State-of-the-Art-Report 6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.1982.1674492"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/109493101750527033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015795"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vis.4340010208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/97879.97906"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Applied Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1278760.1278764","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1278760.1278764","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:51:58Z","timestamp":1750258318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1278760.1278764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1278760.1278764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1278760.1278764","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1544-3558"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1544-3965"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-02-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}