{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T09:07:00Z","timestamp":1769245620961,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,31]],"date-time":"2008-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Many steganographic systems embed hidden messages inside the least significant bit layers of colour natural images. The presence of these messages can be difficult to detect by using statistical steganalysis. However, visual steganalysis by humans may be more successful in natural image discrimination. This study examined whether humans could detect least-significant bit steganography in 15 color natural images from the VisTex database using a controlled same\/different task (\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            = 58) and a\n            <jats:italic>yes\/no<\/jats:italic>\n            task (\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            = 61). While\n            <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2032 &gt; 1 was observed for color layers 4--8, layers 1--3 had\n            <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2032 &lt; 1 in both experiments. Thus, layers 1--3 appear to be highly resistant to visual steganalysis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1279640.1328775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T17:17:21Z","timestamp":1585934241000},"page":"1-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Visual detection of LSB-encoded natural image steganography"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Watters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay TAS, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. Steffen","family":"Stripf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Cambridge University Press","author":"Barlow H. B.","unstructured":"Barlow , H. B. 1961. The coding of sensory messages. Current Problems in Animal Behaviour . In W. H. Thorpe and O. Zangwill eds., Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . 331--360. Barlow, H. B. 1961. The coding of sensory messages. Current Problems in Animal Behaviour. In W. H. Thorpe and O. Zangwill eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 331--360."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204400"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"\u201cdifferent","author":"Farell B.","unstructured":"Farell , B. 1985. \u201c Same\u201d --- \u201cdifferent \u201d judgments: A review of current controversies in perceptual comparisons. Psychological Bulletin 98, 419--456. Farell, B. 1985. \u201cSame\u201d---\u201cdifferent\u201d judgments: A review of current controversies in perceptual comparisons. Psychological Bulletin 98, 419--456."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.4.002379"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics","author":"Green D. M.","unstructured":"Green , D. M. , Swets , J. A. 1966. Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics , New York : Wiley . Green, D. M., Swets, J. A. 1966. Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics, New York: Wiley."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katzenbeisser S. and Petitcolas F. 2000. Information Hiding---Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking. Arztech House Publishers.   Katzenbeisser S. and Petitcolas F. 2000. Information Hiding---Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking. Arztech House Publishers.","DOI":"10.1201\/1079\/43263.28.6.20001201\/30373.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Kelly J. 2001. Terror groups hide behind web encryption USA Today February 5. Available: http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/tech\/news\/2001-02-05-binladen.htm.  Kelly J. 2001. Terror groups hide behind web encryption USA Today February 5. Available: http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/tech\/news\/2001-02-05-binladen.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEE (Vision, Image and Signal Processing).","author":"Lee Y.","unstructured":"Lee , Y. and Chen , L . 1999. High capacity image steganographic model . In Proceedings of the IEE (Vision, Image and Signal Processing). Lee, Y. and Chen, L. 1999. High capacity image steganographic model. In Proceedings of the IEE (Vision, Image and Signal Processing)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S021800140300268X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Twin Peaks: The Histogram Attack to Fixed Depth Image Watermarks, Philips Research Labs Technical Report. Available: http:\/\/www.intec.rug.ac.be\/Research\/Groups\/hfhsdesign\/viva\/publications\/datah.ps.","author":"Maes M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maes , M. 1998 . Twin Peaks: The Histogram Attack to Fixed Depth Image Watermarks, Philips Research Labs Technical Report. Available: http:\/\/www.intec.rug.ac.be\/Research\/Groups\/hfhsdesign\/viva\/publications\/datah.ps. Maes, M. 1998. Twin Peaks: The Histogram Attack to Fixed Depth Image Watermarks, Philips Research Labs Technical Report. Available: http:\/\/www.intec.rug.ac.be\/Research\/Groups\/hfhsdesign\/viva\/publications\/datah.ps."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/83.777088"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2004.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.771065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Provos N. and Honeyman P. 2001. Detecting steganographic content on the Internet. CITI Technical Report 01--11 Centre for Information Technology.  Provos N. and Honeyman P. 2001. Detecting steganographic content on the Internet. CITI Technical Report 01--11 Centre for Information Technology."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"SSL and TLS: Designing and Building Secure Systems","author":"Rescorla E.","unstructured":"Rescorla , E. 2001. SSL and TLS: Designing and Building Secure Systems . Addison Wesley , Reading, MA . Rescorla, E. 2001. SSL and TLS: Designing and Building Secure Systems. Addison Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Rinne T. 2000. PGMStealth computer program. Available: ftp:\/\/ftp.funet.fi\/pub\/crypt\/steganography\/PGM.stealth.c.gz.  Rinne T. 2000. PGMStealth computer program. Available: ftp:\/\/ftp.funet.fi\/pub\/crypt\/steganography\/PGM.stealth.c.gz."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Stripf S. and Watters P. A. 2004. StegoKit: A steganography toolkit for information hiding. Submitted for publication.  Stripf S. and Watters P. A. 2004. StegoKit: A steganography toolkit for information hiding. Submitted for publication."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Ninth USENIX Security Symposium, Denver CO.","author":"Waldman M.","unstructured":"Waldman , M. , Rubin , D. , and Cranor , L . 2000. Publius: A robust, tamper-evident censorship resistant, web publishing system . In Proceedings of the Ninth USENIX Security Symposium, Denver CO. Waldman, M., Rubin, D., and Cranor, L. 2000. Publius: A robust, tamper-evident censorship resistant, web publishing system. In Proceedings of the Ninth USENIX Security Symposium, Denver CO."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001403002940"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635203000251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Disappearing Cryptography---Information Hiding: Steganography & Watermarking Morgan Kaufmann Publishers","author":"Wayner P.","unstructured":"Wayner , P. 2002. Disappearing Cryptography---Information Hiding: Steganography & Watermarking Morgan Kaufmann Publishers , San Francisco, CA . Wayner, P. 2002. Disappearing Cryptography---Information Hiding: Steganography & Watermarking Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"F5---A steganographic algorithm: High capacity despite better stegoanalysis","author":"Westfield A.","unstructured":"Westfield , A. 2001. F5---A steganographic algorithm: High capacity despite better stegoanalysis . Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 289--302. Westfield, A. 2001. F5---A steganographic algorithm: High capacity despite better stegoanalysis. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 289--302."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Applied Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1279640.1328775","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1279640.1328775","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:51:32Z","timestamp":1750258292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1279640.1328775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,31]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1279640.1328775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1279640.1328775","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1544-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-3965","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-04-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}