{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T01:46:38Z","timestamp":1768268798843,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tim Berners-Lee claimed in 2001 that \u201cthe power of the Web is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect\u201d. A considerable amount of work has been done to make the web accessible to those with sensory or motor disability, with an increasing number of government and enterprise intranet webs being \u201caccessible\u201d, and also with some consortiums and groups seriously approaching this commitment. Some authors, such as Harrysson, have already highlighted the need for a cognitively accessible web. However, in spite of good intentions, there has been little work to date that has tackled this task. At least until now, the existing WAI and NI4 recommendations about cognitive disability are extremely difficult (if not impossible) to test, as they are only general recommendations. This article explains an alternative Web that has been constructed and tested on a sample of participants with cognitive disabilities (N = 20) with positive results encouraging us to dedicate more effort to fine tune their requirements regarding specific cognitive deficits and automating the process of creating and testing cognitively accessible web content. This alternative web implies the use of a simplified web browser and an adequate web design. Discussion of the need to have several levels of cognitive accessibility, equivalent (although not identical) content for this collective and the need for testable protocols of accessibility that support these people's needs is also included. This article finishes with conclusions about the potential impact of accessible pages in the daily life of people suffering from cognitive deficits, outlining the features to be considered within a user profile specification that support cognitive difficulties and with reflections about the suitability of Semantic Web Technologies for future developments in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1279700.1279702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,26]],"date-time":"2007-09-26T17:18:32Z","timestamp":1190827112000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Web accessibility for individuals with cognitive deficits"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"Sevilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibiana","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Alcantud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA). 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR 4th Ed Washington DC.  American Psychiatric Association (APA). 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR 4th Ed Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Bambara L. M. and Koger F. 1996. Opportunities for daily choice making. Innovations 8. American Association on Mental Retardation.  Bambara L. M. and Koger F. 1996. Opportunities for daily choice making. Innovations 8. American Association on Mental Retardation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1990.23-79"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0275"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Semantic Web Workshop held at KR-2002","author":"Benjamins V. R.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determining the best online fonts for older adults","volume":"3","author":"Bernard M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Usability News"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Berners-Lee T. 2000. Weaving the Web. Ed. Collins. Nov.  Berners-Lee T. 2000. Weaving the Web. Ed. Collins. Nov."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berners-Lee T. Hendler J. and Lassila O. 2001. The semantic web. Sci. Amer.  Berners-Lee T. Hendler J. and Lassila O. 2001. The semantic web. Sci. Amer.","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0501-34"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the XXII World Congress of Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy. IVR'05 (Granada, May 24--29)","author":"Blazquez M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Booth T. Ainscow M. Black-Hawkins K. Vaughan M. and Shaw L. 2000. Index for Inclusion. Developing Learning and Participation in Schools. Centre for Studies in Inclusive Education Manchester UK.  Booth T. Ainscow M. Black-Hawkins K. Vaughan M. and Shaw L. 2000. Index for Inclusion. Developing Learning and Participation in Schools. Centre for Studies in Inclusive Education Manchester UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Borst W. N. 1997. Construction of engineering ontologies. Ph.D. dissertation University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands.  Borst W. N. 1997. Construction of engineering ontologies. Ph.D. dissertation University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Bray T. Paoli C. and Sperber-McQueen C. M. 1998. Extensible markup language (XML) 1.0 W3C recommendation. February 1998 http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/1998\/REC-xml-19980210  Bray T. Paoli C. and Sperber-McQueen C. M. 1998. Extensible markup language (XML) 1.0 W3C recommendation. February 1998 http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/1998\/REC-xml-19980210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of KTWEB (May).","author":"Contreras J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (EKAW","author":"Contreras J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"413","volume-title":"The Human Computer Interaction Handbook. Chap. 21","author":"Czaja S. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Disabilities Right Commision (DRC). 2004. The Web Access and Inclusion for Disabled People. (Apr.). ISBN 0 11 703287 5.  Disabilities Right Commision (DRC). 2004. The Web Access and Inclusion for Disabled People. (Apr.). ISBN 0 11 703287 5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1102187.1102198"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"B. Harrysson, Web Design for Cognitive Accessibility. Licentiate thesis, Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences","author":"Harrysson B."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0952-3383.2004.00344.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison J. E. and Owen A. M. 2002. Cognitive Deficits in Brain Disorders. Martin Dunitz Ltd.  Harrison J. E. and Owen A. M. 2002. Cognitive Deficits in Brain Disorders. Martin Dunitz Ltd.","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203213193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. 1998.Norm ISO 9241-11: Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals. Part 11: Guidance on usability.  International Organization for Standardization. 1998.Norm ISO 9241-11: Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals. Part 11: Guidance on usability."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Loy B. et al. 1998. Surfing the net: The three keys to universal access {online}. CSUN 98 papers.  Loy B. et al. 1998. Surfing the net: The three keys to universal access {online}. CSUN 98 papers."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Mental Retardation: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports","author":"Luckasson R.","year":"2002","edition":"10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Mental Retardation: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports","author":"Luckasson R.","year":"1992","edition":"9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Mesibov G. and Howley M. 2003. Accesing the Curriculum for Pupils with Autistic Spectrum Disorders. David Fulton Publishers.  Mesibov G. and Howley M. 2003. Accesing the Curriculum for Pupils with Autistic Spectrum Disorders. David Fulton Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Chambery","author":"Musen M. A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Nielsen J. 1996. Top Ten Mistakes in Web Design. http:\/\/www.useit.com\/alertbox\/9605.html (Retrieved December 13 2003).  Nielsen J. 1996. Top Ten Mistakes in Web Design. http:\/\/www.useit.com\/alertbox\/9605.html (Retrieved December 13 2003)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Nielsen J. 2000. Designing Web Usability. Chap.6 p. 298 ISBN: 1-56205-810-X.  Nielsen J. 2000. Designing Web Usability. Chap.6 p. 298 ISBN: 1-56205-810-X."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1071021.1071040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1060745.1060799"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Sevilla J. Rodrigo L. Blazquez M. Contreras J. and Benjamins V. R. 2003. Deliverable D5.1.1 Visualization and organization of information. SEKT Project. http:\/\/sekt.semanticweb.org.  Sevilla J. Rodrigo L. Blazquez M. Contreras J. and Benjamins V. R. 2003. Deliverable D5.1.1 Visualization and organization of information. SEKT Project. http:\/\/sekt.semanticweb.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223355.223463"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Achieving Web Site Accessibility Conference.","author":"Wadell C.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Watson L. R. 1989. TEACCH Teaching Spontaneous Communication to Autistic and Developmentally Handicapped Children. Irvington New York.  Watson L. R. 1989. TEACCH Teaching Spontaneous Communication to Autistic and Developmentally Handicapped Children. Irvington New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Manual of Diagnosis and Professional Practice in Mental Retardation","author":"Widaman K. F."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 1993. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th ed.). Geneva Switzerland.  World Health Organization. 1993. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th ed.). Geneva Switzerland."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1279700.1279702","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1279700.1279702","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:51:32Z","timestamp":1750258292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1279700.1279702"}},"subtitle":["A comparative study between an existing commercial Web and its cognitively accessible equivalent"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1279700.1279702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1279700.1279702","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-09-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}