{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T18:57:41Z","timestamp":1778007461654,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Various accessibility activities are improving blind access to the increasingly indispensable WWW. These approaches use various metrics to measure the Web's accessibility. \u201cEase of navigation\u201d (navigability) is one of the crucial factors for blind usability, especially for complicated webpages used in portals and online shopping sites. However, it is difficult for automatic checking tools to evaluate the navigation capabilities even for a single webpage. Navigability issues for complete Web applications are still far beyond their capabilities.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This study aims at obtaining quantitative results about the current accessibility status of real world Web applications, and analyzes real users' behavior on such websites. In Study 1, an automatic analysis method for webpage navigability is introduced, and then a broad survey using this method for 30 international online shopping sites is described. The next study (Study 2) focuses on a fine-grained analysis of real users' behavior on some of these online shopping sites. We modified a voice browser to record each user's actions and the information presented to that user. We conducted user testing on existing sites with this tool. We also developed an analysis and visualization method for the recorded information. The results showed us that users strongly depend on scanning navigation instead of logical navigation. A landmark-oriented navigation model was proposed based on the results. Finally, we discuss future possibilities for improving navigability, including proposals for voice browsers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1279700.1279703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,26]],"date-time":"2007-09-26T17:18:32Z","timestamp":1190827112000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Analysis of navigability of Web applications for improving blind usability"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hironobu","family":"Takagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Research, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Research, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kentarou","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Research, Japan"}]},{"given":"Chieko","family":"Asakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Research, Japan"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/244754.244758"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/274497.274526"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/354324.354588"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"TAJODA: Proposed tactile and jog dial interface for the blind. Trans. IEICE, E87-D, 6.","author":"Asakawa C.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Asakawa , C. , Takagi , H. , Ino , S. , and Ifukube , T . 2004 . TAJODA: Proposed tactile and jog dial interface for the blind. Trans. IEICE, E87-D, 6. Asakawa, C., Takagi, H., Ino, S., and Ifukube, T. 2004. TAJODA: Proposed tactile and jog dial interface for the blind. Trans. IEICE, E87-D, 6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/355460.355543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/503376.503459"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1054972.1054978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Annual report on government measures for persons with disabilities","author":"Cabinet Office Japan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cabinet Office Japan . 2004. Annual report on government measures for persons with disabilities 2004 . (See http:\/\/www8.cao.go.jp\/shougai\/whitepaper\/h16hakusho\/zenbun\/(in Japanese)) . Cabinet Office Japan. 2004. Annual report on government measures for persons with disabilities 2004. (See http:\/\/www8.cao.go.jp\/shougai\/whitepaper\/h16hakusho\/zenbun\/(in Japanese))."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/365024.365331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/569247.569248"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/379537.379550"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Chisholm W. Vanderheiden G. and Jacobs I. 2000. HTML Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0. W3C Note. (See http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG10-HTML-TECHS\/.)  Chisholm W. Vanderheiden G. and Jacobs I. 2000. HTML Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0. W3C Note. (See http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG10-HTML-TECHS\/.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Clark J. and Derose S. 1999. XML Path Language (XPath) Version 1.0. W3C Recommendation (See http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/xpath\/.)  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Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 960--964."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/336296.336304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.443.0573"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Jacobs I. and Brewer J. 1999. Accessibility Features of CSS. W3C Note. (See http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/CSS-access.)  Jacobs I. and Brewer J. 1999. Accessibility Features of CSS. W3C Note. (See http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/CSS-access.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"National health interview survey on disability 1994--1995","author":"Nchs","unstructured":"Nchs . 1996. National health interview survey on disability 1994--1995 , NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) . (See http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/about\/major\/nhis_dis\/nhis_dis.htm.) Nchs. 1996. National health interview survey on disability 1994--1995, NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics). (See http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/about\/major\/nhis_dis\/nhis_dis.htm.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Working with Technology in Mind: Adaptive Perspectives on Human-Technology Interaction","author":"Pirolli P.","unstructured":"Pirolli , P. 2006. The use of proximal information scent to forage for distal content on the World Wide Web . In Working with Technology in Mind: Adaptive Perspectives on Human-Technology Interaction , A. Kirlik, Ed. Oxford University Press . Pirolli, P. 2006. The use of proximal information scent to forage for distal content on the World Wide Web. In Working with Technology in Mind: Adaptive Perspectives on Human-Technology Interaction, A. Kirlik, Ed. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1060745.1060799"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/638249.638256"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1083356.1083363"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Seeman L. 2006. Role taxonomy for accessible adaptable applications See http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/PF\/GUI\/.  Seeman L. 2006. Role taxonomy for accessible adaptable applications See http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/PF\/GUI\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Schwerdtfeger R. 2001. Dynamic Accessible Web Content Roadmap See http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/PF\/roadmap\/.  Schwerdtfeger R. 2001. 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The National Institute of Special Education Research Note (See http:\/\/www.nise.go.jp\/research\/kogaku\/twatanab\/PCUserSurvey\/Survey2002\/Survey2002Jp. html (in Japanese))."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/775152.775212"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1279700.1279704"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1279700.1279703","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/1279700.1279703","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:51:33Z","timestamp":1750258293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1279700.1279703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/1279700.1279703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1279700.1279703","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-09-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}