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We term a bottleneck as virtual when it occurs within a single resource subsystem, and it is possible to use a secondary under-utilized resource to thwart the bottleneck. The primary reason for virtual bottlenecks in streaming servers is static allocation of memory and disk-bandwidth resources using fixed time-cycle durations. As a result, shifting request workload can cause a virtual bottleneck either in the memory or disk subsystem. We present stream combination, an adaptive IO scheduling technique that addresses this problem in a comprehensive fashion. Stream combination predicts the formation of virtual bottlenecks and proactively alters the IO schedule to avoid them. A simulation study suggests significant performance gains compared to the current state-of-the-art fixed time-cycle IO scheduler.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/1279711.1279717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,14]],"date-time":"2007-09-14T13:44:55Z","timestamp":1189777495000},"page":"23-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stream combination"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL"}]},{"given":"Raju","family":"Rangaswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Dimitrijevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA and University of California, Santa Barbara"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"{1} Apple Inc. 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